shithub: lwext4

Download patch

ref: 030a65192386f34b69bc0f59b266643540f902ea
parent: b05eaa268d556f2fdb0ad212960ff64142d54bef
author: ngkaho1234 <[email protected]>
date: Thu Jan 14 23:33:56 EST 2016

Remove simple extent implementation.

--- a/lwext4/ext4_config.h
+++ b/lwext4/ext4_config.h
@@ -133,11 +133,6 @@
 #define CONFIG_HAVE_OWN_OFLAGS 1
 #endif
 
-/**@brief   Use full extent implemrntation*/
-#ifndef CONFIG_EXTENT_FULL
-#define CONFIG_EXTENT_FULL 1
-#endif
-
 /**@brief Maximum single truncate size. Transactions must be limited to reduce
  *        number of allocetions for single transaction*/
 #ifndef CONFIG_MAX_TRUNCATE_SIZE
--- a/lwext4/ext4_extent.c
+++ b/lwext4/ext4_extent.c
@@ -1,12 +1,7 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2013 Grzegorz Kostka ([email protected])
+ * Copyright (c) 2015 Grzegorz Kostka ([email protected])
+ * Copyright (c) 2015 Kaho Ng ([email protected])
  *
- *
- * HelenOS:
- * Copyright (c) 2012 Martin Sucha
- * Copyright (c) 2012 Frantisek Princ
- * All rights reserved.
- *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
  * are met:
@@ -31,45 +26,287 @@
  * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  */
 
-/** @addtogroup lwext4
- * @{
- */
-/**
- * @file  ext4_extent.c
- * @brief More complex filesystem functions.
- */
-
 #include "ext4_config.h"
-#include "ext4_extent.h"
-#include "ext4_inode.h"
+#include "ext4_blockdev.h"
+#include "ext4_fs.h"
 #include "ext4_super.h"
 #include "ext4_crc32.h"
-#include "ext4_blockdev.h"
 #include "ext4_balloc.h"
-#include "ext4_fs.h"
+#include "ext4_debug.h"
 
-#include <string.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
 
-#if !CONFIG_EXTENT_FULL
+#include "ext4_extent.h"
 
+/*
+ * used by extent splitting.
+ */
+#define EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1 0x02 /* mark first half unwritten */
+#define EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2 0x04 /* mark second half unwritten */
+#define EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID1 0x08  /* first half contains valid data */
+#define EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID2 0x10  /* second half contains valid data */
+#define EXT4_EXT_NO_COMBINE 0x20   /* do not combine two extents */
+
+static struct ext4_extent_tail *
+find_ext4_extent_tail(struct ext4_extent_header *eh)
+{
+	return (struct ext4_extent_tail *)(((char *)eh) +
+					   EXT4_EXTENT_TAIL_OFFSET(eh));
+}
+
 static struct ext4_extent_header *ext_inode_hdr(struct ext4_inode *inode)
 {
 	return (struct ext4_extent_header *)inode->blocks;
 }
 
+static struct ext4_extent_header *ext_block_hdr(struct ext4_block *block)
+{
+	return (struct ext4_extent_header *)block->data;
+}
+
 static uint16_t ext_depth(struct ext4_inode *inode)
 {
 	return to_le16(ext_inode_hdr(inode)->depth);
 }
 
-static struct ext4_extent_tail *
-find_ext4_extent_tail(struct ext4_extent_header *eh)
+static uint16_t ext4_ext_get_actual_len(struct ext4_extent *ext)
 {
-	return (struct ext4_extent_tail *)(((char *)eh) +
-					   EXT4_EXTENT_TAIL_OFFSET(eh));
+	return (to_le16(ext->block_count) <= EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN
+		    ? to_le16(ext->block_count)
+		    : (to_le16(ext->block_count) - EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN));
 }
 
+static void ext4_ext_mark_initialized(struct ext4_extent *ext)
+{
+	ext->block_count = to_le16(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ext));
+}
+
+static void ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(struct ext4_extent *ext)
+{
+	ext->block_count |= to_le16(EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN);
+}
+
+static int ext4_ext_is_unwritten(struct ext4_extent *ext)
+{
+	/* Extent with ee_len of 0x8000 is treated as an initialized extent */
+	return (to_le16(ext->block_count) > EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN);
+}
+
+/*
+ * ext4_ext_pblock:
+ * combine low and high parts of physical block number into ext4_fsblk_t
+ */
+static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_ext_pblock(struct ext4_extent *ex)
+{
+	ext4_fsblk_t block;
+
+	block = to_le32(ex->start_lo);
+	block |= ((ext4_fsblk_t)to_le16(ex->start_hi) << 31) << 1;
+	return block;
+}
+
+/*
+ * ext4_idx_pblock:
+ * combine low and high parts of a leaf physical block number into ext4_fsblk_t
+ */
+static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_idx_pblock(struct ext4_extent_index *ix)
+{
+	ext4_fsblk_t block;
+
+	block = to_le32(ix->leaf_lo);
+	block |= ((ext4_fsblk_t)to_le16(ix->leaf_hi) << 31) << 1;
+	return block;
+}
+
+/*
+ * ext4_ext_store_pblock:
+ * stores a large physical block number into an extent struct,
+ * breaking it into parts
+ */
+static void ext4_ext_store_pblock(struct ext4_extent *ex, ext4_fsblk_t pb)
+{
+	ex->start_lo = to_le32((uint32_t)(pb & 0xffffffff));
+	ex->start_hi = to_le16((uint16_t)((pb >> 32)) & 0xffff);
+}
+
+/*
+ * ext4_idx_store_pblock:
+ * stores a large physical block number into an index struct,
+ * breaking it into parts
+ */
+static void ext4_idx_store_pblock(struct ext4_extent_index *ix, ext4_fsblk_t pb)
+{
+	ix->leaf_lo = to_le32((uint32_t)(pb & 0xffffffff));
+	ix->leaf_hi = to_le16((uint16_t)((pb >> 32)) & 0xffff);
+}
+
+static int ext4_allocate_single_block(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+				      ext4_fsblk_t goal,
+				      ext4_fsblk_t *blockp)
+{
+	return ext4_balloc_alloc_block(inode_ref, goal, blockp);
+}
+
+static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_new_meta_blocks(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+					 ext4_fsblk_t goal,
+					 uint32_t flags __unused,
+					 uint32_t *count, int *errp)
+{
+	ext4_fsblk_t block = 0;
+
+	*errp = ext4_allocate_single_block(inode_ref, goal, &block);
+	if (count)
+		*count = 1;
+	return block;
+}
+
+static void ext4_ext_free_blocks(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+				 ext4_fsblk_t block, uint32_t count,
+				 uint32_t flags __unused)
+{
+	ext4_balloc_free_blocks(inode_ref, block, count);
+}
+
+static size_t ext4_ext_space_block(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref)
+{
+	size_t size;
+	uint32_t block_size = ext4_sb_get_block_size(&inode_ref->fs->sb);
+
+	size = (block_size - sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header)) /
+	       sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
+#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
+	if (size > 6)
+		size = 6;
+#endif
+	return size;
+}
+
+static size_t ext4_ext_space_block_idx(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref)
+{
+	size_t size;
+	uint32_t block_size = ext4_sb_get_block_size(&inode_ref->fs->sb);
+
+	size = (block_size - sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header)) /
+	       sizeof(struct ext4_extent_index);
+#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
+	if (size > 5)
+		size = 5;
+#endif
+	return size;
+}
+
+static size_t ext4_ext_space_root(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref)
+{
+	size_t size;
+
+	size = sizeof(inode_ref->inode->blocks);
+	size -= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header);
+	size /= sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
+#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
+	if (size > 3)
+		size = 3;
+#endif
+	return size;
+}
+
+static size_t ext4_ext_space_root_idx(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref)
+{
+	size_t size;
+
+	size = sizeof(inode_ref->inode->blocks);
+	size -= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header);
+	size /= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_index);
+#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
+	if (size > 4)
+		size = 4;
+#endif
+	return size;
+}
+
+static size_t ext4_ext_max_entries(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+				   uint32_t depth)
+{
+	size_t max;
+
+	if (depth == ext_depth(inode_ref->inode)) {
+		if (depth == 0)
+			max = ext4_ext_space_root(inode_ref);
+		else
+			max = ext4_ext_space_root_idx(inode_ref);
+	} else {
+		if (depth == 0)
+			max = ext4_ext_space_block(inode_ref);
+		else
+			max = ext4_ext_space_block_idx(inode_ref);
+	}
+
+	return max;
+}
+
+static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_ext_find_goal(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+				       struct ext4_extent_path *path,
+				       ext4_lblk_t block)
+{
+	if (path) {
+		uint32_t depth = path->depth;
+		struct ext4_extent *ex;
+
+		/*
+		 * Try to predict block placement assuming that we are
+		 * filling in a file which will eventually be
+		 * non-sparse --- i.e., in the case of libbfd writing
+		 * an ELF object sections out-of-order but in a way
+		 * the eventually results in a contiguous object or
+		 * executable file, or some database extending a table
+		 * space file.  However, this is actually somewhat
+		 * non-ideal if we are writing a sparse file such as
+		 * qemu or KVM writing a raw image file that is going
+		 * to stay fairly sparse, since it will end up
+		 * fragmenting the file system's free space.  Maybe we
+		 * should have some hueristics or some way to allow
+		 * userspace to pass a hint to file system,
+		 * especially if the latter case turns out to be
+		 * common.
+		 */
+		ex = path[depth].extent;
+		if (ex) {
+			ext4_fsblk_t ext_pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
+			ext4_lblk_t ext_block = to_le32(ex->first_block);
+
+			if (block > ext_block)
+				return ext_pblk + (block - ext_block);
+			else
+				return ext_pblk - (ext_block - block);
+		}
+
+		/* it looks like index is empty;
+		 * try to find starting block from index itself */
+		if (path[depth].block.lb_id)
+			return path[depth].block.lb_id;
+	}
+
+	/* OK. use inode's group */
+	return ext4_fs_inode_to_goal_block(inode_ref);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Allocation for a meta data block
+ */
+static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_ext_new_meta_block(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+					    struct ext4_extent_path *path,
+					    struct ext4_extent *ex, int *err,
+					    uint32_t flags)
+{
+	ext4_fsblk_t goal, newblock;
+
+	goal = ext4_ext_find_goal(inode_ref, path, to_le32(ex->first_block));
+	newblock = ext4_new_meta_blocks(inode_ref, goal, flags, NULL, err);
+	return newblock;
+}
+
 #if CONFIG_META_CSUM_ENABLE
 static uint32_t ext4_ext_block_csum(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
 				    struct ext4_extent_header *eh)
@@ -90,7 +327,7 @@
 				     sizeof(ino_index));
 		checksum = ext4_crc32c(checksum, &ino_gen,
 				     sizeof(ino_gen));
-		/* Finally calculate crc32 checksum against
+		/* Finally calculate crc32 checksum against 
 		 * the entire extent block up to the checksum field */
 		checksum = ext4_crc32c(checksum, eh,
 				EXT4_EXTENT_TAIL_OFFSET(eh));
@@ -101,965 +338,1525 @@
 #define ext4_ext_block_csum(...) 0
 #endif
 
-static void ext4_extent_block_csum_set(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+static void ext4_extent_block_csum_set(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref __unused,
 				       struct ext4_extent_header *eh)
 {
 	struct ext4_extent_tail *tail;
-	if (!ext4_sb_feature_ro_com(&inode_ref->fs->sb,
-				    EXT4_FRO_COM_METADATA_CSUM))
+
+	tail = find_ext4_extent_tail(eh);
+	tail->et_checksum = to_le32(ext4_ext_block_csum(inode_ref, eh));
+}
+
+static int ext4_ext_dirty(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+			  struct ext4_extent_path *path)
+{
+	if (path->block.lb_id)
+		ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(path->block.buf);
+	else
+		inode_ref->dirty = true;
+
+	return EOK;
+}
+
+static void ext4_ext_drop_refs(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+			       struct ext4_extent_path *path, bool keep_other)
+{
+	int32_t depth, i;
+
+	if (!path)
 		return;
+	if (keep_other)
+		depth = 0;
+	else
+		depth = path->depth;
 
-	if (to_le16(eh->depth) < ext_depth(inode_ref->inode)) {
-		tail = find_ext4_extent_tail(eh);
-		tail->et_checksum = to_le32(ext4_ext_block_csum(inode_ref, eh));
+	for (i = 0; i <= depth; i++, path++) {
+		if (path->block.lb_id) {
+			if (ext4_bcache_test_flag(path->block.buf, BC_DIRTY))
+				ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref,
+						path->header);
+
+			ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &path->block);
+		}
 	}
 }
 
-#if CONFIG_META_CSUM_ENABLE
-static bool
-ext4_extent_verify_block_csum(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-			      struct ext4_block *block)
+/*
+ * Check that whether the basic information inside the extent header
+ * is correct or not.
+ */
+static int ext4_ext_check(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+			  struct ext4_extent_header *eh, uint16_t depth,
+			  ext4_fsblk_t pblk __unused)
 {
-	struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
 	struct ext4_extent_tail *tail;
-	eh = (struct ext4_extent_header *)block->data;
-	if (!ext4_sb_feature_ro_com(&inode_ref->fs->sb,
-				    EXT4_FRO_COM_METADATA_CSUM))
-		return true;
+	struct ext4_sblock *sb = &inode_ref->fs->sb;
+	const char *error_msg;
+	(void)error_msg;
 
-	if (to_le16(eh->depth) < ext_depth(inode_ref->inode)) {
-		tail = find_ext4_extent_tail(eh);
-		return tail->et_checksum ==
-			to_le32(ext4_ext_block_csum(inode_ref, eh));
+	if (to_le16(eh->magic) != EXT4_EXTENT_MAGIC) {
+		error_msg = "invalid magic";
+		goto corrupted;
 	}
+	if (to_le16(eh->depth) != depth) {
+		error_msg = "unexpected eh_depth";
+		goto corrupted;
+	}
+	if (eh->max_entries_count == 0) {
+		error_msg = "invalid eh_max";
+		goto corrupted;
+	}
+	if (to_le16(eh->entries_count) > to_le16(eh->max_entries_count)) {
+		error_msg = "invalid eh_entries";
+		goto corrupted;
+	}
 
-	return true;
+	tail = find_ext4_extent_tail(eh);
+	if (ext4_sb_feature_ro_com(sb, EXT4_FRO_COM_METADATA_CSUM)) {
+		if (tail->et_checksum != to_le32(ext4_ext_block_csum(inode_ref, eh))) {
+			ext4_dbg(DEBUG_EXTENT,
+				 DBG_WARN "Extent block checksum failed."
+				 "Blocknr: %" PRIu64"\n",
+				 pblk);
+
+		}
+	}
+
+	return EOK;
+
+corrupted:
+	ext4_dbg(DEBUG_EXTENT, "Bad extents B+ tree block: %s. "
+			       "Blocknr: %" PRId64 "\n",
+		 error_msg, pblk);
+	return EIO;
 }
-#else
-#define ext4_extent_verify_block_csum(...) true
-#endif
 
-/**@brief Binary search in extent index node.
- * @param header Extent header of index node
- * @param index  Output value - found index will be set here
- * @param iblock Logical block number to find in index node */
-static void ext4_extent_binsearch_idx(struct ext4_extent_header *header,
-				      struct ext4_extent_index **index,
-				      uint32_t iblock)
+static int read_extent_tree_block(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+				  ext4_fsblk_t pblk, int32_t depth,
+				  struct ext4_block *bh,
+				  uint32_t flags __unused)
 {
-	struct ext4_extent_index *r;
-	struct ext4_extent_index *l;
-	struct ext4_extent_index *m;
+	int err;
 
-	uint16_t entries_count = ext4_extent_header_get_entries_count(header);
+	err = ext4_trans_block_get(inode_ref->fs->bdev, bh, pblk);
+	if (err != EOK)
+		goto errout;
 
-	/* Initialize bounds */
-	l = EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST_INDEX(header) + 1;
-	r = EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST_INDEX(header) + entries_count - 1;
+	err = ext4_ext_check(inode_ref, ext_block_hdr(bh), depth, pblk);
+	if (err != EOK)
+		goto errout;
 
-	/* Do binary search */
+	return EOK;
+errout:
+	if (bh->lb_id)
+		ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, bh);
+
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * ext4_ext_binsearch_idx:
+ * binary search for the closest index of the given block
+ * the header must be checked before calling this
+ */
+static void ext4_ext_binsearch_idx(struct ext4_extent_path *path,
+				   ext4_lblk_t block)
+{
+	struct ext4_extent_header *eh = path->header;
+	struct ext4_extent_index *r, *l, *m;
+
+	l = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh) + 1;
+	r = EXT_LAST_INDEX(eh);
 	while (l <= r) {
 		m = l + (r - l) / 2;
-		uint32_t first_block = ext4_extent_index_get_first_block(m);
-
-		if (iblock < first_block)
+		if (block < to_le32(m->first_block))
 			r = m - 1;
 		else
 			l = m + 1;
 	}
 
-	/* Set output value */
-	*index = l - 1;
+	path->index = l - 1;
 }
 
-/**@brief Binary search in extent leaf node.
- * @param header Extent header of leaf node
- * @param extent Output value - found extent will be set here,
- *               or NULL if node is empty
- * @param iblock Logical block number to find in leaf node */
-static void ext4_extent_binsearch(struct ext4_extent_header *header,
-				  struct ext4_extent **extent, uint32_t iblock)
+/*
+ * ext4_ext_binsearch:
+ * binary search for closest extent of the given block
+ * the header must be checked before calling this
+ */
+static void ext4_ext_binsearch(struct ext4_extent_path *path, ext4_lblk_t block)
 {
-	struct ext4_extent *r;
-	struct ext4_extent *l;
-	struct ext4_extent *m;
+	struct ext4_extent_header *eh = path->header;
+	struct ext4_extent *r, *l, *m;
 
-	uint16_t entries_count = ext4_extent_header_get_entries_count(header);
-
-	if (entries_count == 0) {
-		/* this leaf is empty */
-		*extent = NULL;
+	if (eh->entries_count == 0) {
+		/*
+		 * this leaf is empty:
+		 * we get such a leaf in split/add case
+		 */
 		return;
 	}
 
-	/* Initialize bounds */
-	l = EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST(header) + 1;
-	r = EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST(header) + entries_count - 1;
+	l = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh) + 1;
+	r = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);
 
-	/* Do binary search */
 	while (l <= r) {
 		m = l + (r - l) / 2;
-		uint32_t first_block = ext4_extent_get_first_block(m);
-
-		if (iblock < first_block)
+		if (block < to_le32(m->first_block))
 			r = m - 1;
 		else
 			l = m + 1;
 	}
 
-	/* Set output value */
-	*extent = l - 1;
+	path->extent = l - 1;
 }
 
-/**@brief Get physical block in the extent tree by logical block number.
- * There is no need to save path in the tree during this algorithm.
- * @param inode_ref I-node to load block from
- * @param iblock    Logical block number to find
- * @param fblock    Output value for physical block number
- * @return Error code*/
-static int
-ext4_extent_find_block(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref, uint32_t iblock,
-			   ext4_fsblk_t *fblock)
+static int ext4_find_extent(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref, ext4_lblk_t block,
+			    struct ext4_extent_path **orig_path, uint32_t flags)
 {
-	int rc;
-	/* Compute bound defined by i-node size */
-	uint64_t inode_size =
-	    ext4_inode_get_size(&inode_ref->fs->sb, inode_ref->inode);
+	struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
+	struct ext4_block bh = EXT4_BLOCK_ZERO();
+	ext4_fsblk_t buf_block = 0;
+	struct ext4_extent_path *path = *orig_path;
+	int32_t depth, ppos = 0;
+	int32_t i;
+	int ret;
 
-	uint32_t block_size = ext4_sb_get_block_size(&inode_ref->fs->sb);
+	eh = ext_inode_hdr(inode_ref->inode);
+	depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
 
-	uint32_t last_idx = (inode_size - 1) / block_size;
+	if (path) {
+		ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path, 0);
+		if (depth > path[0].maxdepth) {
+			free(path);
+			*orig_path = path = NULL;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!path) {
+		int32_t path_depth = depth + 1;
+		/* account possible depth increase */
+		path = calloc(1, sizeof(struct ext4_extent_path) *
+				     (path_depth + 1));
+		if (!path)
+			return ENOMEM;
+		path[0].maxdepth = path_depth;
+	}
+	path[0].header = eh;
+	path[0].block = bh;
 
-	/* Check if requested iblock is not over size of i-node */
-	if (iblock > last_idx) {
-		*fblock = 0;
-		return EOK;
+	i = depth;
+	/* walk through the tree */
+	while (i) {
+		ext4_ext_binsearch_idx(path + ppos, block);
+		path[ppos].p_block = ext4_idx_pblock(path[ppos].index);
+		path[ppos].depth = i;
+		path[ppos].extent = NULL;
+		buf_block = path[ppos].p_block;
+
+		i--;
+		ppos++;
+		if (!path[ppos].block.lb_id ||
+		    path[ppos].block.lb_id != buf_block) {
+			ret = read_extent_tree_block(inode_ref, buf_block, i,
+						     &bh, flags);
+			if (ret != EOK) {
+				goto err;
+			}
+			if (ppos > depth) {
+				ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh);
+				ret = EIO;
+				goto err;
+			}
+
+			eh = ext_block_hdr(&bh);
+			path[ppos].block = bh;
+			path[ppos].header = eh;
+		}
 	}
 
-	struct ext4_block block;
-	block.lb_id = 0;
+	path[ppos].depth = i;
+	path[ppos].extent = NULL;
+	path[ppos].index = NULL;
 
-	/* Walk through extent tree */
-	struct ext4_extent_header *header =
-	    ext4_inode_get_extent_header(inode_ref->inode);
+	/* find extent */
+	ext4_ext_binsearch(path + ppos, block);
+	/* if not an empty leaf */
+	if (path[ppos].extent)
+		path[ppos].p_block = ext4_ext_pblock(path[ppos].extent);
 
-	while (ext4_extent_header_get_depth(header) != 0) {
-		/* Search index in node */
-		struct ext4_extent_index *index;
-		ext4_extent_binsearch_idx(header, &index, iblock);
+	*orig_path = path;
 
-		/* Load child node and set values for the next iteration */
-		uint64_t child = ext4_extent_index_get_leaf(index);
+	ret = EOK;
+	return ret;
 
-		if (block.lb_id) {
-			rc = ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &block);
-			if (rc != EOK)
-				return rc;
-		}
+err:
+	ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path, 0);
+	free(path);
+	if (orig_path)
+		*orig_path = NULL;
+	return ret;
+}
 
-		int rc = ext4_trans_block_get(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &block, child);
-		if (rc != EOK)
-			return rc;
-		if (!ext4_extent_verify_block_csum(inode_ref,
-						   &block)) {
-			ext4_dbg(DEBUG_EXTENT,
-				 DBG_WARN "Extent block checksum failed."
-				 "Blocknr: %" PRIu64"\n",
-				 child);
-		}
+static void ext4_ext_init_header(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+				 struct ext4_extent_header *eh, int32_t depth)
+{
+	eh->entries_count = 0;
+	eh->max_entries_count = to_le16(ext4_ext_max_entries(inode_ref, depth));
+	eh->magic = to_le16(EXT4_EXTENT_MAGIC);
+	eh->depth = depth;
+}
 
-		header = (struct ext4_extent_header *)block.data;
-	}
+/*
+ * Be cautious, the buffer_head returned is not yet mark dirtied. */
+static int ext4_ext_split_node(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+			       struct ext4_extent_path *path, int32_t at,
+			       struct ext4_extent *newext,
+			       ext4_fsblk_t *sibling, struct ext4_block *new_bh)
+{
+	int ret;
+	ext4_fsblk_t newblock;
+	struct ext4_block bh = EXT4_BLOCK_ZERO();
+	int32_t depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
 
-	/* Search extent in the leaf block */
-	struct ext4_extent *extent = NULL;
-	ext4_extent_binsearch(header, &extent, iblock);
+	ext4_assert(sibling);
 
-	/* Prevent empty leaf */
-	if (extent == NULL) {
-		*fblock = 0;
-	} else {
-		/* Compute requested physical block address */
-		ext4_fsblk_t phys_block;
-		uint32_t first = ext4_extent_get_first_block(extent);
-		phys_block = ext4_extent_get_start(extent) + iblock - first;
+	/* FIXME: currently we split at the point after the current extent. */
+	newblock = ext4_ext_new_meta_block(inode_ref, path, newext, &ret, 0);
+	if (ret)
+		goto cleanup;
 
-		*fblock = phys_block;
+	/*  For write access.# */
+	ret = ext4_trans_block_get_noread(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh, newblock);
+	if (ret != EOK)
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	if (at == depth) {
+		/* start copy from next extent */
+		ptrdiff_t m = EXT_MAX_EXTENT(path[at].header) - path[at].extent;
+		struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
+		neh = ext_block_hdr(&bh);
+		ext4_ext_init_header(inode_ref, neh, 0);
+		if (m) {
+			struct ext4_extent *ex;
+			ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(neh);
+			memmove(ex, path[at].extent + 1,
+				sizeof(struct ext4_extent) * m);
+			neh->entries_count =
+			    to_le16(to_le16(neh->entries_count) + m);
+			path[at].header->entries_count = to_le16(
+			    to_le16(path[at].header->entries_count) - m);
+			ret = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + at);
+			if (ret)
+				goto cleanup;
+		}
+	} else {
+		ptrdiff_t m = EXT_MAX_INDEX(path[at].header) - path[at].index;
+		struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
+		neh = ext_block_hdr(&bh);
+		ext4_ext_init_header(inode_ref, neh, depth - at);
+		if (m) {
+			struct ext4_extent_index *ix;
+			ix = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh);
+			memmove(ix, path[at].index + 1,
+				sizeof(struct ext4_extent) * m);
+			neh->entries_count =
+			    to_le16(to_le16(neh->entries_count) + m);
+			path[at].header->entries_count = to_le16(
+			    to_le16(path[at].header->entries_count) - m);
+			ret = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + at);
+			if (ret)
+				goto cleanup;
+		}
 	}
+cleanup:
+	if (ret) {
+		if (bh.lb_id) {
+			ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh);
+		}
+		if (newblock)
+			ext4_ext_free_blocks(inode_ref, newblock, 1, 0);
 
-	/* Cleanup */
-	if (block.lb_id) {
-		rc = ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &block);
-		if (rc != EOK)
-			return rc;
+		newblock = 0;
 	}
+	*sibling = newblock;
+	*new_bh = bh;
+	return ret;
+}
 
-	return EOK;
+static ext4_lblk_t ext4_ext_block_index(struct ext4_extent_header *eh)
+{
+	if (eh->depth)
+		return to_le32(EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh)->first_block);
+
+	return to_le32(EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh)->first_block);
 }
 
-/**@brief Find extent for specified iblock.
- * This function is used for finding block in the extent tree with
- * saving the path through the tree for possible future modifications.
- * @param inode_ref I-node to read extent tree from
- * @param iblock    Iblock to find extent for
- * @param ret_path  Output value for loaded path from extent tree
- * @return Error code */
-static int ext4_extent_find_extent(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				   uint32_t iblock,
-				   struct ext4_extent_path **ret_path)
+struct ext_split_trans {
+	ext4_fsblk_t ptr;
+	struct ext4_extent_path path;
+	int switch_to;
+};
+
+static int ext4_ext_insert_index(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+				 struct ext4_extent_path *path,
+				 int32_t at,
+				 struct ext4_extent *newext,
+				 ext4_lblk_t insert_index,
+				 ext4_fsblk_t insert_block,
+				 struct ext_split_trans *spt,
+				 bool *need_grow)
 {
-	struct ext4_extent_header *eh =
-	    ext4_inode_get_extent_header(inode_ref->inode);
+	struct ext4_extent_index *ix;
+	struct ext4_extent_path *curp = path + at;
+	struct ext4_block bh = EXT4_BLOCK_ZERO();
+	int32_t len;
+	int err;
+	struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
 
-	uint16_t depth = ext4_extent_header_get_depth(eh);
-	uint16_t i;
-	struct ext4_extent_path *tmp_path;
+	*need_grow = false;
 
-	/* Added 2 for possible tree growing */
-	tmp_path = malloc(sizeof(struct ext4_extent_path) * (depth + 2));
-	if (tmp_path == NULL)
-		return ENOMEM;
+	if (curp->index && insert_index == to_le32(curp->index->first_block))
+		return EIO;
 
-	/* Initialize structure for algorithm start */
-	tmp_path[0].block = inode_ref->block;
-	tmp_path[0].header = eh;
+	if (to_le16(curp->header->entries_count) ==
+	    to_le16(curp->header->max_entries_count)) {
+		if (at) {
+			struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
+			err = ext4_ext_split_node(inode_ref, path, at, newext,
+						  &spt->ptr, &bh);
+			if (err != EOK)
+				goto out;
 
-	/* Walk through the extent tree */
-	uint16_t pos = 0;
-	int rc;
-	while (ext4_extent_header_get_depth(eh) != 0) {
-		/* Search index in index node by iblock */
-		ext4_extent_binsearch_idx(tmp_path[pos].header,
-					  &tmp_path[pos].index, iblock);
+			neh = ext_block_hdr(&bh);
+			if (insert_index > to_le32(curp->index->first_block)) {
+				/* Make decision which node should be used to
+				 * insert the index.*/
+				if (to_le16(neh->entries_count) >
+				    to_le16(curp->header->entries_count)) {
+					eh = curp->header;
+					/* insert after */
+					ix = EXT_LAST_INDEX(eh) + 1;
+				} else {
+					eh = neh;
+					ix = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh);
+				}
+			} else {
+				eh = curp->header;
+				/* insert before */
+				ix = EXT_LAST_INDEX(eh);
+			}
+		} else {
+			err = EOK;
+			*need_grow = true;
+			goto out;
+		}
+	} else {
+		eh = curp->header;
+		if (curp->index == NULL) {
+			ix = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh);
+			curp->index = ix;
+		} else if (insert_index > to_le32(curp->index->first_block)) {
+			/* insert after */
+			ix = curp->index + 1;
+		} else {
+			/* insert before */
+			ix = curp->index;
+		}
+	}
 
-		tmp_path[pos].depth = depth;
-		tmp_path[pos].extent = NULL;
+	len = EXT_LAST_INDEX(eh) - ix + 1;
+	ext4_assert(len >= 0);
+	if (len > 0)
+		memmove(ix + 1, ix, len * sizeof(struct ext4_extent_index));
 
-		ext4_assert(tmp_path[pos].index != 0);
+	if (ix > EXT_MAX_INDEX(eh)) {
+		err = EIO;
+		goto out;
+	}
 
-		/* Load information for the next iteration */
-		uint64_t fblock =
-		    ext4_extent_index_get_leaf(tmp_path[pos].index);
+	ix->first_block = to_le32(insert_index);
+	ext4_idx_store_pblock(ix, insert_block);
+	eh->entries_count = to_le16(to_le16(eh->entries_count) + 1);
 
-		struct ext4_block block;
-		rc = ext4_trans_block_get(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &block, fblock);
-		if (rc != EOK)
-			goto cleanup;
+	if (ix > EXT_LAST_INDEX(eh)) {
+		err = EIO;
+		goto out;
+	}
 
-		if (!ext4_extent_verify_block_csum(inode_ref,
-						   &block)) {
-			ext4_dbg(DEBUG_EXTENT,
-				 DBG_WARN "Extent block checksum failed."
-				 "Blocknr: %" PRIu64"\n",
-				 fblock);
-		}
+	if (eh == curp->header)
+		err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, curp);
+	else
+		err = EOK;
 
-		pos++;
+out:
+	if (err != EOK || *need_grow) {
+		if (bh.lb_id)
+			ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh);
 
-		eh = (struct ext4_extent_header *)block.data;
-		tmp_path[pos].block = block;
-		tmp_path[pos].header = eh;
+		spt->ptr = 0;
+	} else if (bh.lb_id) {
+		/* If we got a sibling leaf. */
+		ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref, ext_block_hdr(&bh));
+		ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(bh.buf);
+
+		spt->path.p_block = ext4_idx_pblock(ix);
+		spt->path.depth = to_le16(eh->depth);
+		spt->path.maxdepth = 0;
+		spt->path.extent = NULL;
+		spt->path.index = ix;
+		spt->path.header = eh;
+		spt->path.block = bh;
+
+		/*
+		 * If newext->ee_block can be included into the
+		 * right sub-tree.
+		 */
+		if (to_le32(newext->first_block) >=
+		    ext4_ext_block_index(ext_block_hdr(&bh)))
+			spt->switch_to = 1;
+		else {
+			curp->index = ix;
+			curp->p_block = ext4_idx_pblock(ix);
+		}
+
+	} else {
+		spt->ptr = 0;
+		curp->index = ix;
+		curp->p_block = ext4_idx_pblock(ix);
 	}
+	return err;
+}
 
-	tmp_path[pos].depth = 0;
-	tmp_path[pos].extent = NULL;
-	tmp_path[pos].index = NULL;
+/*
+ * ext4_ext_correct_indexes:
+ * if leaf gets modified and modified extent is first in the leaf,
+ * then we have to correct all indexes above.
+ */
+static int ext4_ext_correct_indexes(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+				    struct ext4_extent_path *path)
+{
+	struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
+	int32_t depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
+	struct ext4_extent *ex;
+	uint32_t border;
+	int32_t k;
+	int err = EOK;
 
-	/* Find extent in the leaf node */
-	ext4_extent_binsearch(tmp_path[pos].header, &tmp_path[pos].extent,
-			      iblock);
-	*ret_path = tmp_path;
+	eh = path[depth].header;
+	ex = path[depth].extent;
 
-	return EOK;
+	if (ex == NULL || eh == NULL) {
+		return EIO;
+	}
 
-cleanup:
+	if (depth == 0) {
+		/* there is no tree at all */
+		return EOK;
+	}
+
+	if (ex != EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh)) {
+		/* we correct tree if first leaf got modified only */
+		return EOK;
+	}
+
 	/*
-	 * Put loaded blocks
-	 * From 1: 0 is a block with inode data
+	 * TODO: we need correction if border is smaller than current one
 	 */
-	for (i = 1; i < tmp_path->depth; ++i) {
-		if (tmp_path[i].block.lb_id) {
-			int r = ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev,
-					       &tmp_path[i].block);
-			if (r != EOK)
-				rc = r;
-		}
+	k = depth - 1;
+	border = path[depth].extent->first_block;
+	path[k].index->first_block = border;
+	err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + k);
+	if (err != EOK)
+		return err;
+
+	while (k--) {
+		/* change all left-side indexes */
+		if (path[k + 1].index != EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[k + 1].header))
+			break;
+		path[k].index->first_block = border;
+		err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + k);
+		if (err != EOK)
+			break;
 	}
 
-	/* Destroy temporary data structure */
-	free(tmp_path);
+	return err;
+}
 
-	return rc;
+static bool ext4_ext_can_prepend(struct ext4_extent *ex1,
+				 struct ext4_extent *ex2)
+{
+	if (ext4_ext_pblock(ex2) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) !=
+	    ext4_ext_pblock(ex1))
+		return false;
+
+#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
+	if (ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) > 4)
+		return 0;
+#else
+	if (ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex1)) {
+		if (ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) +
+			ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) >
+		    EXT_UNWRITTEN_MAX_LEN)
+			return false;
+	} else if (ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) >
+		   EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN)
+		return false;
+#endif
+
+	if (to_le32(ex2->first_block) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) !=
+	    to_le32(ex1->first_block))
+		return false;
+
+	return true;
 }
 
-/**@brief Release extent and all data blocks covered by the extent.
- * @param inode_ref I-node to release extent and block from
- * @param extent    Extent to release
- * @return Error code */
-static int ext4_extent_release(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-			       struct ext4_extent *extent)
+static bool ext4_ext_can_append(struct ext4_extent *ex1,
+				struct ext4_extent *ex2)
 {
-	/* Compute number of the first physical block to release */
-	uint64_t start = ext4_extent_get_start(extent);
-	uint16_t block_count = ext4_extent_get_block_count(extent);
+	if (ext4_ext_pblock(ex1) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) !=
+	    ext4_ext_pblock(ex2))
+		return false;
 
-	return ext4_balloc_free_blocks(inode_ref, start, block_count);
+#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
+	if (ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) > 4)
+		return 0;
+#else
+	if (ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex1)) {
+		if (ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) +
+			ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) >
+		    EXT_UNWRITTEN_MAX_LEN)
+			return false;
+	} else if (ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) >
+		   EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN)
+		return false;
+#endif
+
+	if (to_le32(ex1->first_block) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) !=
+	    to_le32(ex2->first_block))
+		return false;
+
+	return true;
 }
 
-/** Recursively release the whole branch of the extent tree.
- * For each entry of the node release the subbranch and finally release
- * the node. In the leaf node all extents will be released.
- * @param inode_ref I-node where the branch is released
- * @param index     Index in the non-leaf node to be released
- *                  with the whole subtree
- * @return Error code */
-static int ext4_extent_release_branch(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				      struct ext4_extent_index *index)
+static int ext4_ext_insert_leaf(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+				struct ext4_extent_path *path,
+				int32_t at,
+				struct ext4_extent *newext,
+				struct ext_split_trans *spt,
+				uint32_t flags,
+				bool *need_grow)
 {
-	ext4_fsblk_t fblock = ext4_extent_index_get_leaf(index);
-	uint32_t i;
-	struct ext4_block block;
-	int rc = ext4_trans_block_get(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &block, fblock);
-	if (rc != EOK)
-		return rc;
+	struct ext4_extent_path *curp = path + at;
+	struct ext4_extent *ex = curp->extent;
+	struct ext4_block bh = EXT4_BLOCK_ZERO();
+	int32_t len;
+	int err = EOK;
+	int unwritten;
+	struct ext4_extent_header *eh = NULL;
 
-	if (!ext4_extent_verify_block_csum(inode_ref,
-				&block)) {
-		ext4_dbg(DEBUG_EXTENT,
-			 DBG_WARN "Extent block checksum failed."
-			 "Blocknr: %" PRIu64"\n",
-			 fblock);
-	}
+	*need_grow = false;
 
-	struct ext4_extent_header *header = (void *)block.data;
+	if (curp->extent &&
+	    to_le32(newext->first_block) == to_le32(curp->extent->first_block))
+		return EIO;
 
-	if (ext4_extent_header_get_depth(header)) {
-		/* The node is non-leaf, do recursion */
-		struct ext4_extent_index *idx = EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST_INDEX(header);
+	if (!(flags & EXT4_EXT_NO_COMBINE)) {
+		if (curp->extent && ext4_ext_can_append(curp->extent, newext)) {
+			unwritten = ext4_ext_is_unwritten(curp->extent);
+			curp->extent->block_count =
+			    to_le16(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(curp->extent) +
+				    ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext));
+			if (unwritten)
+				ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(curp->extent);
+			err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, curp);
+			goto out;
+		}
 
-		/* Release all subbranches */
-		for (i = 0; i < ext4_extent_header_get_entries_count(header);
-		     ++i, ++idx) {
-			rc = ext4_extent_release_branch(inode_ref, idx);
-			if (rc != EOK)
-				return rc;
+		if (curp->extent &&
+		    ext4_ext_can_prepend(curp->extent, newext)) {
+			unwritten = ext4_ext_is_unwritten(curp->extent);
+			curp->extent->first_block = newext->first_block;
+			curp->extent->block_count =
+			    to_le16(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(curp->extent) +
+				    ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext));
+			if (unwritten)
+				ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(curp->extent);
+			err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, curp);
+			goto out;
 		}
-	} else {
-		/* Leaf node reached */
-		struct ext4_extent *ext = EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST(header);
+	}
 
-		/* Release all extents and stop recursion */
-		for (i = 0; i < ext4_extent_header_get_entries_count(header);
-		     ++i, ++ext) {
-			rc = ext4_extent_release(inode_ref, ext);
-			if (rc != EOK)
-				return rc;
+	if (to_le16(curp->header->entries_count) ==
+	    to_le16(curp->header->max_entries_count)) {
+		if (at) {
+			struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
+			err = ext4_ext_split_node(inode_ref, path, at, newext,
+						  &spt->ptr, &bh);
+			if (err != EOK)
+				goto out;
+
+			neh = ext_block_hdr(&bh);
+			if (to_le32(newext->first_block) >
+			    to_le32(curp->extent->first_block)) {
+				if (to_le16(neh->entries_count) >
+				    to_le16(curp->header->entries_count)) {
+					eh = curp->header;
+					/* insert after */
+					ex = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh) + 1;
+				} else {
+					eh = neh;
+					ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
+				}
+			} else {
+				eh = curp->header;
+				/* insert before */
+				ex = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);
+			}
+		} else {
+			err = EOK;
+			*need_grow = true;
+			goto out;
 		}
+	} else {
+		eh = curp->header;
+		if (curp->extent == NULL) {
+			ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
+			curp->extent = ex;
+		} else if (to_le32(newext->first_block) >
+			   to_le32(curp->extent->first_block)) {
+			/* insert after */
+			ex = curp->extent + 1;
+		} else {
+			/* insert before */
+			ex = curp->extent;
+		}
 	}
 
-	/* Release data block where the node was stored */
+	len = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh) - ex + 1;
+	ext4_assert(len >= 0);
+	if (len > 0)
+		memmove(ex + 1, ex, len * sizeof(struct ext4_extent));
 
-	rc = ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &block);
-	if (rc != EOK)
-		return rc;
+	if (ex > EXT_MAX_EXTENT(eh)) {
+		err = EIO;
+		goto out;
+	}
 
-	return ext4_balloc_free_block(inode_ref, fblock);
-}
+	ex->first_block = newext->first_block;
+	ex->block_count = newext->block_count;
+	ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, ext4_ext_pblock(newext));
+	eh->entries_count = to_le16(to_le16(eh->entries_count) + 1);
 
-int ext4_extent_remove_space(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref, ext4_lblk_t from,
-			     ext4_lblk_t to)
-{
-	if (to != EXT_MAX_BLOCKS)
-		return ENOTSUP;
+	if (ex > EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh)) {
+		err = EIO;
+		goto out;
+	}
 
-	/* Find the first extent to modify */
-	struct ext4_extent_path *path;
-	uint16_t i;
-	int rc = ext4_extent_find_extent(inode_ref, from, &path);
-	if (rc != EOK)
-		return rc;
+	if (eh == curp->header) {
+		err = ext4_ext_correct_indexes(inode_ref, path);
+		if (err != EOK)
+			goto out;
+		err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, curp);
+	} else
+		err = EOK;
 
-	/* Jump to last item of the path (extent) */
-	struct ext4_extent_path *path_ptr = path;
-	while (path_ptr->depth != 0)
-		path_ptr++;
+out:
+	if (err != EOK || *need_grow) {
+		if (bh.lb_id)
+			ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh);
 
-	ext4_assert(path_ptr->extent != NULL);
+		spt->ptr = 0;
+	} else if (bh.lb_id) {
+		/* If we got a sibling leaf. */
+		ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref, ext_block_hdr(&bh));
+		ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(bh.buf);
 
-	/* First extent maybe released partially */
-	uint32_t first_iblock = ext4_extent_get_first_block(path_ptr->extent);
-	ext4_fsblk_t first_fblock = ext4_extent_get_start(path_ptr->extent) +
-				from - first_iblock;
+		spt->path.p_block = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
+		spt->path.depth = to_le16(eh->depth);
+		spt->path.maxdepth = 0;
+		spt->path.extent = ex;
+		spt->path.index = NULL;
+		spt->path.header = eh;
+		spt->path.block = bh;
 
-	uint16_t block_count = ext4_extent_get_block_count(path_ptr->extent);
+		/*
+		 * If newext->ee_block can be included into the
+		 * right sub-tree.
+		 */
+		if (to_le32(newext->first_block) >=
+		    ext4_ext_block_index(ext_block_hdr(&bh)))
+			spt->switch_to = 1;
+		else {
+			curp->extent = ex;
+			curp->p_block = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
+		}
 
-	uint16_t delete_count =
-	    block_count -
-	    (ext4_extent_get_start(path_ptr->extent) - first_fblock);
+	} else {
+		spt->ptr = 0;
+		curp->extent = ex;
+		curp->p_block = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
+	}
 
-	/* Release all blocks */
-	rc = ext4_balloc_free_blocks(inode_ref, first_fblock, delete_count);
-	if (rc != EOK)
-		goto cleanup;
+	return err;
+}
 
-	/* Correct counter */
-	block_count -= delete_count;
-	ext4_extent_set_block_count(path_ptr->extent, block_count,
-				EXT4_EXT_IS_UNWRITTEN(path_ptr->extent));
+/*
+ * ext4_ext_grow_indepth:
+ * implements tree growing procedure:
+ * - allocates new block
+ * - moves top-level data (index block or leaf) into the new block
+ * - initializes new top-level, creating index that points to the
+ *   just created block
+ */
+static int ext4_ext_grow_indepth(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+				 uint32_t flags)
+{
+	struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
+	struct ext4_block bh = EXT4_BLOCK_ZERO();
+	ext4_fsblk_t newblock, goal = 0;
+	int err = EOK;
 
-	/* Initialize the following loop */
-	uint16_t entries =
-	    ext4_extent_header_get_entries_count(path_ptr->header);
-	struct ext4_extent *tmp_ext = path_ptr->extent + 1;
-	struct ext4_extent *stop_ext =
-	    EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST(path_ptr->header) + entries;
+	/* Try to prepend new index to old one */
+	if (ext_depth(inode_ref->inode))
+		goal = ext4_idx_pblock(
+		    EXT_FIRST_INDEX(ext_inode_hdr(inode_ref->inode)));
+	else
+		goal = ext4_fs_inode_to_goal_block(inode_ref);
 
-	/* If first extent empty, release it */
-	if (block_count == 0)
-		entries--;
+	newblock = ext4_new_meta_blocks(inode_ref, goal, flags, NULL, &err);
+	if (newblock == 0)
+		return err;
 
-	/* Release all successors of the first extent in the same node */
-	while (tmp_ext < stop_ext) {
-		first_fblock = ext4_extent_get_start(tmp_ext);
-		delete_count = ext4_extent_get_block_count(tmp_ext);
+	/* # */
+	err = ext4_trans_block_get_noread(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh, newblock);
+	if (err != EOK) {
+		ext4_ext_free_blocks(inode_ref, newblock, 1, 0);
+		return err;
+	}
 
-		rc = ext4_balloc_free_blocks(inode_ref, first_fblock,
-					     delete_count);
-		if (rc != EOK)
-			goto cleanup;
+	/* move top-level index/leaf into new block */
+	memmove(bh.data, inode_ref->inode->blocks,
+		sizeof(inode_ref->inode->blocks));
 
-		entries--;
-		tmp_ext++;
+	/* set size of new block */
+	neh = ext_block_hdr(&bh);
+	/* old root could have indexes or leaves
+	 * so calculate e_max right way */
+	if (ext_depth(inode_ref->inode))
+		neh->max_entries_count =
+		    to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block_idx(inode_ref));
+	else
+		neh->max_entries_count =
+		    to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block(inode_ref));
+
+	neh->magic = to_le16(EXT4_EXTENT_MAGIC);
+	ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref, neh);
+
+	/* Update top-level index: num,max,pointer */
+	neh = ext_inode_hdr(inode_ref->inode);
+	neh->entries_count = to_le16(1);
+	ext4_idx_store_pblock(EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh), newblock);
+	if (neh->depth == 0) {
+		/* Root extent block becomes index block */
+		neh->max_entries_count =
+		    to_le16(ext4_ext_space_root_idx(inode_ref));
+		EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh)
+		    ->first_block = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(neh)->first_block;
 	}
+	neh->depth = to_le16(to_le16(neh->depth) + 1);
 
-	ext4_extent_header_set_entries_count(path_ptr->header, entries);
-	ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref, path_ptr->header);
-	ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(path_ptr->block.buf);
+	ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(bh.buf);
+	inode_ref->dirty = true;
+	ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh);
 
-	/* If leaf node is empty, parent entry must be modified */
-	bool remove_parent_record = false;
+	return err;
+}
 
-	/* Don't release root block (including inode data) !!! */
-	if ((path_ptr != path) && (entries == 0)) {
-		rc = ext4_balloc_free_block(inode_ref, path_ptr->block.lb_id);
-		if (rc != EOK)
-			goto cleanup;
+__unused static void print_path(struct ext4_extent_path *path)
+{
+	int32_t i = path->depth;
+	while (i >= 0) {
 
-		remove_parent_record = true;
+		ptrdiff_t a =
+		    (path->extent)
+			? (path->extent - EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(path->header))
+			: 0;
+		ptrdiff_t b =
+		    (path->index)
+			? (path->index - EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path->header))
+			: 0;
+
+		(void)a;
+		(void)b;
+		ext4_dbg(DEBUG_EXTENT,
+			 "depth %" PRId32 ", p_block: %" PRIu64 ","
+			 "p_ext offset: %td, p_idx offset: %td\n",
+			 i, path->p_block, a, b);
+		i--;
+		path++;
 	}
+}
 
-	/* Jump to the parent */
-	--path_ptr;
+static void ext4_ext_replace_path(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+				  struct ext4_extent_path *path,
+				  struct ext_split_trans *spt,
+				  int32_t level)
+{
+	int32_t depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
+	int32_t i = depth - level;
+	ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path + i, 1);
+	path[i] = spt[level].path;
+}
 
-	/* Release all successors in all tree levels */
-	while (path_ptr >= path) {
-		entries =
-		    ext4_extent_header_get_entries_count(path_ptr->header);
-		struct ext4_extent_index *index = path_ptr->index + 1;
-		struct ext4_extent_index *stop =
-		    EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST_INDEX(path_ptr->header) + entries;
+static int ext4_ext_insert_extent(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+				  struct ext4_extent_path **ppath,
+				  struct ext4_extent *newext, uint32_t flags)
+{
+	int32_t i, depth, level;
+	int ret = EOK;
+	ext4_fsblk_t ptr = 0;
+	bool need_grow = false;
+	struct ext4_extent_path *path = *ppath;
+	struct ext_split_trans *spt = NULL;
+	struct ext_split_trans newblock;
 
-		/* Correct entries count because of changes in the previous
-		 * iteration */
-		if (remove_parent_record)
-			entries--;
+	memset(&newblock, 0, sizeof(newblock));
 
-		/* Iterate over all entries and release the whole subtrees */
-		while (index < stop) {
-			rc = ext4_extent_release_branch(inode_ref, index);
-			if (rc != EOK)
-				goto cleanup;
+	depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
+	for (i = depth, level = 0; i >= 0; i--, level++)
+		if (EXT_HAS_FREE_INDEX(path + i))
+			break;
 
-			++index;
-			--entries;
+	if (level) {
+		spt = calloc(1, sizeof(struct ext_split_trans) * (level));
+		if (!spt) {
+			ret = ENOMEM;
+			goto out;
 		}
+	}
+	i = 0;
+again:
+	depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
 
-		ext4_extent_header_set_entries_count(path_ptr->header, entries);
-		ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref, path_ptr->header);
-		ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(path_ptr->block.buf);
+	do {
+		if (!i) {
+			ret = ext4_ext_insert_leaf(inode_ref, path, depth - i,
+						   newext, &newblock, flags,
+						   &need_grow);
+		} else {
+			ret = ext4_ext_insert_index(
+			    inode_ref, path, depth - i, newext,
+			    ext4_ext_block_index(
+				ext_block_hdr(&spt[i - 1].path.block)),
+			    spt[i - 1].ptr, &newblock,
+			    &need_grow);
+		}
+		ptr = newblock.ptr;
 
-		/* Free the node if it is empty */
-		if ((entries == 0) && (path_ptr != path)) {
-			rc = ext4_balloc_free_block(inode_ref,
-						    path_ptr->block.lb_id);
-			if (rc != EOK)
-				goto cleanup;
+		if (ret != EOK)
+			goto out;
 
-			/* Mark parent to be checked */
-			remove_parent_record = true;
-		} else
-			remove_parent_record = false;
+		else if (spt && ptr && !ret) {
+			/* Prepare for the next iteration after splitting. */
+			spt[i] = newblock;
+		}
 
-		--path_ptr;
+		i++;
+	} while (ptr != 0 && i <= depth);
+
+	if (need_grow) {
+		ret = ext4_ext_grow_indepth(inode_ref, 0);
+		if (ret)
+			goto out;
+		ret = ext4_find_extent(inode_ref, to_le32(newext->first_block),
+				       ppath, 0);
+		if (ret)
+			goto out;
+		i = depth;
+		path = *ppath;
+		goto again;
 	}
+out:
+	if (ret) {
+		if (path)
+			ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path, 0);
 
-	if (!entries)
-		ext4_extent_header_set_depth(path->header, 0);
-
-cleanup:
-	/*
-	 * Put loaded blocks
-	 * starting from 1: 0 is a block with inode data
-	 */
-	for (i = 1; i <= path->depth; ++i) {
-		if (path[i].block.lb_id) {
-			int r =
-			    ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &path[i].block);
-			if (r != EOK)
-				rc = r;
+		while (--level >= 0 && spt) {
+			if (spt[level].ptr) {
+				ext4_ext_free_blocks(inode_ref, spt[level].ptr,
+						     1, 0);
+				ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, &spt[level].path,
+						   1);
+			}
 		}
+	} else {
+		while (--level >= 0 && spt) {
+			if (spt[level].switch_to)
+				ext4_ext_replace_path(inode_ref, path, spt,
+						      level);
+			else if (spt[level].ptr)
+				ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, &spt[level].path,
+						   1);
+		}
 	}
+	if (spt)
+		free(spt);
 
-	/* Destroy temporary data structure */
-	free(path);
-
-	return rc;
+	return ret;
 }
 
-/**@brief Append new extent to the i-node and do some splitting if necessary.
- * @param inode_ref      I-node to append extent to
- * @param path           Path in the extent tree for possible splitting
- * @param last_path_item Input/output parameter for pointer to the last
- *                       valid item in the extent tree path
- * @param iblock         Logical index of block to append extent for
- * @return Error code */
-static int ext4_extent_append_extent(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				     struct ext4_extent_path *path,
-				     uint32_t iblock)
+static void ext4_ext_remove_blocks(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+				   struct ext4_extent *ex, ext4_lblk_t from,
+				   ext4_lblk_t to)
 {
-	struct ext4_extent_path *path_ptr = path + path->depth;
+	ext4_lblk_t len = to - from + 1;
+	ext4_lblk_t num;
+	ext4_fsblk_t start;
+	num = from - to_le32(ex->first_block);
+	start = ext4_ext_pblock(ex) + num;
+	ext4_dbg(DEBUG_EXTENT,
+		 "Freeing %" PRIu32 " at %" PRIu64 ", %" PRIu32 "\n", from,
+		 start, len);
 
-	uint32_t block_size = ext4_sb_get_block_size(&inode_ref->fs->sb);
+	ext4_ext_free_blocks(inode_ref, start, len, 0);
+}
 
-	/* Start splitting */
-	while (path_ptr > path) {
-		uint16_t entries =
-		    ext4_extent_header_get_entries_count(path_ptr->header);
-		uint16_t limit =
-		    ext4_extent_header_get_max_entries_count(path_ptr->header);
+static int ext4_ext_remove_idx(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+			       struct ext4_extent_path *path, int32_t depth)
+{
+	int err = EOK;
+	int32_t i = depth;
+	ext4_fsblk_t leaf;
 
-		if (entries == limit) {
-			/* Full node - allocate block for new one */
-			ext4_fsblk_t goal, fblock;
-			int rc = ext4_fs_indirect_find_goal(inode_ref, &goal);
-			if (rc != EOK)
-				return rc;
+	/* free index block */
+	leaf = ext4_idx_pblock(path[i].index);
 
-			rc = ext4_balloc_alloc_block(inode_ref, goal, &fblock);
-			if (rc != EOK)
-				return rc;
+	if (path[i].index != EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[i].header)) {
+		ptrdiff_t len = EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[i].header) - path[i].index;
+		memmove(path[i].index, path[i].index + 1,
+			len * sizeof(struct ext4_extent_index));
+	}
 
-			struct ext4_block block;
-			rc =
-			    ext4_trans_block_get_noread(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &block, fblock);
-			if (rc != EOK) {
-				ext4_balloc_free_block(inode_ref, fblock);
-				return rc;
-			}
+	path[i].header->entries_count =
+	    to_le16(to_le16(path[i].header->entries_count) - 1);
+	err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + i);
+	if (err != EOK)
+		return err;
 
-			/* Put back not modified old block */
-			rc = ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev,
-					    &path_ptr->block);
-			if (rc != EOK) {
-				ext4_balloc_free_block(inode_ref, fblock);
-				return rc;
-			}
+	ext4_dbg(DEBUG_EXTENT, "IDX: Freeing %" PRIu32 " at %" PRIu64 ", %d\n",
+		 to_le32(path[i].index->first_block), leaf, 1);
+	ext4_ext_free_blocks(inode_ref, leaf, 1, 0);
 
-			/* Initialize newly allocated block and remember it */
-			memset(block.data, 0, block_size);
-			path_ptr->block = block;
+	while (i > 0) {
+		if (path[i].index != EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[i].header))
+			break;
 
-			/* Update pointers in extent path structure */
-			path_ptr->header = (void *)block.data;
-			if (path_ptr->depth) {
-				path_ptr->index =
-				    EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST_INDEX(path_ptr->header);
-				ext4_extent_index_set_first_block(
-				    path_ptr->index, iblock);
-				ext4_extent_index_set_leaf(
-				    path_ptr->index,
-				    (path_ptr + 1)->block.lb_id);
-				limit = (block_size -
-					 sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header)) /
-					sizeof(struct ext4_extent_index);
-			} else {
-				path_ptr->extent =
-				    EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST(path_ptr->header);
-				ext4_extent_set_first_block(path_ptr->extent,
-							    iblock);
-				limit = (block_size -
-					 sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header)) /
-					sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
-			}
+		path[i - 1].index->first_block = path[i].index->first_block;
+		err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + i - 1);
+		if (err != EOK)
+			break;
 
-			/* Initialize on-disk structure (header) */
-			ext4_extent_header_set_entries_count(path_ptr->header,
-							     1);
-			ext4_extent_header_set_max_entries_count(
-			    path_ptr->header, limit);
-			ext4_extent_header_set_magic(path_ptr->header,
-						     EXT4_EXTENT_MAGIC);
-			ext4_extent_header_set_depth(path_ptr->header,
-						     path_ptr->depth);
-			ext4_extent_header_set_generation(path_ptr->header, 0);
+		i--;
+	}
+	return err;
+}
 
-			ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref, path_ptr->header);
-			ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(path_ptr->block.buf);
+static int ext4_ext_remove_leaf(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+				struct ext4_extent_path *path, ext4_lblk_t from,
+				ext4_lblk_t to)
+{
 
-			/* Jump to the preceding item */
-			path_ptr--;
+	int32_t depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
+	struct ext4_extent *ex = path[depth].extent;
+	struct ext4_extent *start_ex, *ex2 = NULL;
+	struct ext4_extent_header *eh = path[depth].header;
+	int32_t len;
+	int err = EOK;
+	uint16_t new_entries;
+
+	start_ex = ex;
+	new_entries = to_le16(eh->entries_count);
+	while (ex <= EXT_LAST_EXTENT(path[depth].header) &&
+	       to_le32(ex->first_block) <= to) {
+		int32_t new_len = 0;
+		int unwritten;
+		ext4_lblk_t start, new_start;
+		ext4_fsblk_t newblock;
+		new_start = start = to_le32(ex->first_block);
+		len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
+		newblock = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
+		if (start < from) {
+			len -= from - start;
+			new_len = from - start;
+			start = from;
+			start_ex++;
 		} else {
-			/* Node with free space */
-			if (path_ptr->depth) {
-				path_ptr->index =
-				    EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST_INDEX(path_ptr->header) +
-				    entries;
-				ext4_extent_index_set_first_block(
-				    path_ptr->index, iblock);
-				ext4_extent_index_set_leaf(
-				    path_ptr->index,
-				    (path_ptr + 1)->block.lb_id);
-			} else {
-				path_ptr->extent =
-				    EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST(path_ptr->header) +
-				    entries;
-				ext4_extent_set_first_block(path_ptr->extent,
-							    iblock);
+			if (start + len - 1 > to) {
+				len -= start + len - 1 - to;
+				new_len = start + len - 1 - to;
+				new_start = to + 1;
+				newblock += to + 1 - start;
+				ex2 = ex;
 			}
+		}
 
-			ext4_extent_header_set_entries_count(path_ptr->header,
-							     entries + 1);
-			ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref, path_ptr->header);
-			ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(path_ptr->block.buf);
-
-			/* No more splitting needed */
-			return EOK;
+		ext4_ext_remove_blocks(inode_ref, ex, start, start + len - 1);
+		ex->first_block = to_le32(new_start);
+		if (!new_len)
+			new_entries--;
+		else {
+			unwritten = ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex);
+			ex->block_count = to_le16(new_len);
+			ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, newblock);
+			if (unwritten)
+				ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex);
 		}
+
+		ex += 1;
 	}
 
-	ext4_assert(path_ptr == path);
+	if (ex2 == NULL)
+		ex2 = ex;
 
-	/* Should be the root split too? */
+	if (ex2 <= EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh))
+		memmove(start_ex, ex2, EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh) - ex2 + 1);
 
-	uint16_t entries = ext4_extent_header_get_entries_count(path->header);
-	uint16_t limit = ext4_extent_header_get_max_entries_count(path->header);
+	eh->entries_count = to_le16(new_entries);
+	ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + depth);
+	if (path[depth].extent == EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh) && eh->entries_count)
+		err = ext4_ext_correct_indexes(inode_ref, path);
 
-	if (entries == limit) {
-		ext4_fsblk_t goal, new_fblock;
-		int rc = ext4_fs_indirect_find_goal(inode_ref, &goal);
-		if (rc != EOK)
-			return rc;
+	/* if this leaf is free, then we should
+	 * remove it from index block above */
+	if (err == EOK && eh->entries_count == 0 && path[depth].block.lb_id)
+		err = ext4_ext_remove_idx(inode_ref, path, depth - 1);
+	else if (depth > 0)
+		path[depth - 1].index++;
 
-		rc = ext4_balloc_alloc_block(inode_ref, goal, &new_fblock);
-		if (rc != EOK)
-			return rc;
+	return err;
+}
 
-		struct ext4_block block;
-		rc = ext4_trans_block_get_noread(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &block, new_fblock);
-		if (rc != EOK)
-			return rc;
+static bool ext4_ext_more_to_rm(struct ext4_extent_path *path, ext4_lblk_t to)
+{
+	if (!to_le16(path->header->entries_count))
+		return false;
 
-		/* Initialize newly allocated block */
-		memset(block.data, 0, block_size);
+	if (path->index > EXT_LAST_INDEX(path->header))
+		return false;
 
-		/* Move data from root to the new block */
-		memcpy(block.data, inode_ref->inode->blocks,
-		       EXT4_INODE_BLOCKS * sizeof(uint32_t));
+	if (to_le32(path->index->first_block) > to)
+		return false;
 
-		/* Data block is initialized */
+	return true;
+}
 
-		struct ext4_block *root_block = &path->block;
-		uint16_t root_depth = path->depth;
-		struct ext4_extent_header *root_header = path->header;
+int ext4_extent_remove_space(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref, ext4_lblk_t from,
+			  ext4_lblk_t to)
+{
+	struct ext4_extent_path *path = NULL;
+	int ret = EOK;
+	int32_t depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
+	int32_t i;
 
-		/* Make space for tree growing */
-		struct ext4_extent_path *new_root = path;
-		struct ext4_extent_path *old_root = path + 1;
+	ret = ext4_find_extent(inode_ref, from, &path, 0);
+	if (ret)
+		goto out;
 
-		size_t nbytes =
-		    sizeof(struct ext4_extent_path) * (path->depth + 1);
-		memmove(old_root, new_root, nbytes);
-		memset(new_root, 0, sizeof(struct ext4_extent_path));
+	if (!path[depth].extent) {
+		ret = EOK;
+		goto out;
+	}
 
-		/* Update old root structure */
-		old_root->block = block;
-		old_root->header = (struct ext4_extent_header *)block.data;
+	bool in_range = IN_RANGE(from, to_le32(path[depth].extent->first_block),
+			ext4_ext_get_actual_len(path[depth].extent));
 
-		/* Add new entry and update limit for entries */
-		if (old_root->depth) {
-			limit =
-			    (block_size - sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header)) /
-			    sizeof(struct ext4_extent_index);
-			old_root->index =
-			    EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST_INDEX(old_root->header) + entries;
-			ext4_extent_index_set_first_block(old_root->index,
-							  iblock);
-			ext4_extent_index_set_leaf(old_root->index,
-						   (old_root + 1)->block.lb_id);
-			old_root->extent = NULL;
-		} else {
-			limit =
-			    (block_size - sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header)) /
-			    sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
-			old_root->extent =
-			    EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST(old_root->header) + entries;
-			ext4_extent_set_first_block(old_root->extent, iblock);
-			old_root->index = NULL;
-		}
+	if (!in_range) {
+		ret = EOK;
+		goto out;
+	}
 
-		ext4_extent_header_set_entries_count(old_root->header,
-						     entries + 1);
-		ext4_extent_header_set_max_entries_count(old_root->header,
-							 limit);
+	/* If we do remove_space inside the range of an extent */
+	if ((to_le32(path[depth].extent->first_block) < from) &&
+	    (to < to_le32(path[depth].extent->first_block) +
+			ext4_ext_get_actual_len(path[depth].extent) - 1)) {
 
-		ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref, old_root->header);
-		ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(old_root->block.buf);
+		struct ext4_extent *ex = path[depth].extent, newex;
+		int unwritten = ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex);
+		ext4_lblk_t ee_block = to_le32(ex->first_block);
+		int32_t len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
+		ext4_fsblk_t newblock =
+			to + 1 - ee_block + ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
 
-		/* Re-initialize new root metadata */
-		new_root->depth = root_depth + 1;
-		new_root->block = *root_block;
-		new_root->header = root_header;
-		new_root->extent = NULL;
-		new_root->index = EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST_INDEX(new_root->header);
+		ex->block_count = to_le16(from - ee_block);
+		if (unwritten)
+			ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex);
 
-		ext4_extent_header_set_depth(new_root->header, new_root->depth);
+		ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + depth);
 
-		/* Create new entry in root */
-		ext4_extent_header_set_entries_count(new_root->header, 1);
-		ext4_extent_index_set_first_block(new_root->index, 0);
-		ext4_extent_index_set_leaf(new_root->index, new_fblock);
+		newex.first_block = to_le32(to + 1);
+		newex.block_count = to_le16(ee_block + len - 1 - to);
+		ext4_ext_store_pblock(&newex, newblock);
+		if (unwritten)
+			ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(&newex);
 
-		/* Since new_root belongs to on-disk inode,
-		 * we don't do checksum here */
-		ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(new_root->block.buf);
-	} else {
-		if (path->depth) {
-			path->index =
-			    EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST_INDEX(path->header) + entries;
-			ext4_extent_index_set_first_block(path->index, iblock);
-			ext4_extent_index_set_leaf(path->index,
-						   (path + 1)->block.lb_id);
+		ret = ext4_ext_insert_extent(inode_ref, &path, &newex, 0);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	i = depth;
+	while (i >= 0) {
+		if (i == depth) {
+			struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
+			struct ext4_extent *first_ex, *last_ex;
+			ext4_lblk_t leaf_from, leaf_to;
+			eh = path[i].header;
+			ext4_assert(to_le16(eh->entries_count) > 0);
+			first_ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
+			last_ex = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);
+			leaf_from = to_le32(first_ex->first_block);
+			leaf_to = to_le32(last_ex->first_block) +
+				  ext4_ext_get_actual_len(last_ex) - 1;
+			if (leaf_from < from)
+				leaf_from = from;
+
+			if (leaf_to > to)
+				leaf_to = to;
+
+			ext4_ext_remove_leaf(inode_ref, path, leaf_from,
+					leaf_to);
+			ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path + i, 0);
+			i--;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
+		eh = path[i].header;
+		if (ext4_ext_more_to_rm(path + i, to)) {
+			struct ext4_block bh = EXT4_BLOCK_ZERO();
+			if (path[i + 1].block.lb_id)
+				ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path + i + 1, 0);
+
+			ret = read_extent_tree_block(inode_ref,
+					ext4_idx_pblock(path[i].index),
+					depth - i - 1, &bh, 0);
+			if (ret)
+				goto out;
+
+			path[i].p_block =
+					ext4_idx_pblock(path[i].index);
+			path[i + 1].block = bh;
+			path[i + 1].header = ext_block_hdr(&bh);
+			path[i + 1].depth = depth - i - 1;
+			if (i + 1 == depth)
+				path[i + 1].extent = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(
+					path[i + 1].header);
+			else
+				path[i + 1].index =
+					EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[i + 1].header);
+
+			i++;
 		} else {
-			path->extent =
-			    EXT4_EXTENT_FIRST(path->header) + entries;
-			ext4_extent_set_first_block(path->extent, iblock);
+			if (i > 0) {
+				if (!eh->entries_count)
+					ret = ext4_ext_remove_idx(inode_ref, path,
+							i - 1);
+				else
+					path[i - 1].index++;
+
+			}
+
+			if (i)
+				ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev,
+						&path[i].block);
+
+
+			i--;
 		}
 
-		ext4_extent_header_set_entries_count(path->header, entries + 1);
-		/* Since new_root belongs to on-disk inode,
-		 * we don't do checksum here */
-		ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(path->block.buf);
 	}
 
-	return EOK;
+	/* TODO: flexible tree reduction should be here */
+	if (path->header->entries_count == 0) {
+		/*
+		 * truncate to zero freed all the tree,
+		 * so we need to correct eh_depth
+		 */
+		ext_inode_hdr(inode_ref->inode)->depth = 0;
+		ext_inode_hdr(inode_ref->inode)->max_entries_count =
+		    to_le16(ext4_ext_space_root(inode_ref));
+		ret = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path);
+	}
+
+out:
+	ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path, 0);
+	free(path);
+	path = NULL;
+	return ret;
 }
 
-/**@brief Append data block to the i-node.
- * This function allocates data block, tries to append it
- * to some existing extent or creates new extents.
- * It includes possible extent tree modifications (splitting).
- * @param inode_ref I-node to append block to
- * @param iblock    Output logical number of newly allocated block
- * @param fblock    Output physical block address of newly allocated block
- *
- * @return Error code*/
-static int
-ext4_extent_append_block(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref, uint32_t *iblock,
-			     ext4_fsblk_t *fblock, bool update_size)
+static int ext4_ext_split_extent_at(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+				    struct ext4_extent_path **ppath,
+				    ext4_lblk_t split, uint32_t split_flag)
 {
-	uint16_t i;
-	ext4_fsblk_t goal;
-	struct ext4_sblock *sb = &inode_ref->fs->sb;
-	uint64_t inode_size = ext4_inode_get_size(sb, inode_ref->inode);
-	uint32_t block_size = ext4_sb_get_block_size(sb);
+	struct ext4_extent *ex, newex;
+	ext4_fsblk_t newblock;
+	ext4_lblk_t ee_block;
+	int32_t ee_len;
+	int32_t depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
+	int err = EOK;
 
-	/* Calculate number of new logical block */
-	uint32_t new_block_idx = 0;
-	if (inode_size > 0) {
-		if ((inode_size % block_size) != 0)
-			inode_size += block_size - (inode_size % block_size);
+	ex = (*ppath)[depth].extent;
+	ee_block = to_le32(ex->first_block);
+	ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
+	newblock = split - ee_block + ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
 
-		new_block_idx = inode_size / block_size;
+	if (split == ee_block) {
+		/*
+		 * case b: block @split is the block that the extent begins with
+		 * then we just change the state of the extent, and splitting
+		 * is not needed.
+		 */
+		if (split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2)
+			ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex);
+		else
+			ext4_ext_mark_initialized(ex);
+
+		err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, *ppath + depth);
+		goto out;
 	}
 
-	/* Load the nearest leaf (with extent) */
-	struct ext4_extent_path *path;
-	int rc = ext4_extent_find_extent(inode_ref, new_block_idx, &path);
-	if (rc != EOK)
-		return rc;
+	ex->block_count = to_le16(split - ee_block);
+	if (split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1)
+		ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex);
 
-	/* Jump to last item of the path (extent) */
-	struct ext4_extent_path *path_ptr = path;
-	while (path_ptr->depth != 0)
-		path_ptr++;
+	err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, *ppath + depth);
+	if (err != EOK)
+		goto out;
 
-	/* Add new extent to the node if not present */
-	if (path_ptr->extent == NULL)
-		goto append_extent;
+	newex.first_block = to_le32(split);
+	newex.block_count = to_le16(ee_len - (split - ee_block));
+	ext4_ext_store_pblock(&newex, newblock);
+	if (split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2)
+		ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(&newex);
+	err = ext4_ext_insert_extent(inode_ref, ppath, &newex,
+				     EXT4_EXT_NO_COMBINE);
+	if (err != EOK)
+		goto restore_extent_len;
 
-	uint16_t block_count = ext4_extent_get_block_count(path_ptr->extent);
-	uint16_t block_limit = (1 << 15);
+out:
+	return err;
+restore_extent_len:
+	ex->block_count = to_le16(ee_len);
+	err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, *ppath + depth);
+	return err;
+}
 
-	ext4_fsblk_t phys_block = 0;
-	if (block_count < block_limit) {
-		/* There is space for new block in the extent */
-		if (block_count == 0) {
-			int rc = ext4_fs_indirect_find_goal(inode_ref, &goal);
-			if (rc != EOK)
-				goto finish;
+static int ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+					   struct ext4_extent_path **ppath,
+					   ext4_lblk_t split, uint32_t blocks)
+{
+	int32_t depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode), err = EOK;
+	struct ext4_extent *ex = (*ppath)[depth].extent;
 
-			/* Existing extent is empty */
-			rc = ext4_balloc_alloc_block(inode_ref, goal, &phys_block);
-			if (rc != EOK)
-				goto finish;
+	ext4_assert(to_le32(ex->first_block) <= split);
 
-			/* Initialize extent */
-			ext4_extent_set_first_block(path_ptr->extent,
-						    new_block_idx);
-			ext4_extent_set_start(path_ptr->extent, phys_block);
-			ext4_extent_set_block_count(path_ptr->extent, 1,
-						false);
+	if (split + blocks ==
+	    to_le32(ex->first_block) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex)) {
+		/* split and initialize right part */
+		err = ext4_ext_split_extent_at(inode_ref, ppath, split,
+					       EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1);
+	} else if (to_le32(ex->first_block) == split) {
+		/* split and initialize left part */
+		err = ext4_ext_split_extent_at(inode_ref, ppath, split + blocks,
+					       EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2);
+	} else {
+		/* split 1 extent to 3 and initialize the 2nd */
+		err = ext4_ext_split_extent_at(inode_ref, ppath, split + blocks,
+					       EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1 |
+						   EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2);
+		if (!err) {
+			err = ext4_ext_split_extent_at(inode_ref, ppath, split,
+						       EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1);
+		}
+	}
 
-			/* Update i-node */
-			if (update_size) {
-				ext4_inode_set_size(inode_ref->inode,
-						    inode_size + block_size);
-				inode_ref->dirty = true;
-			}
+	return err;
+}
 
-			ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref, path_ptr->header);
-			ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(path_ptr->block.buf);
+static ext4_lblk_t ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(struct ext4_extent_path *path)
+{
+	int32_t depth;
 
-			goto finish;
+	depth = path->depth;
+
+	if (depth == 0 && path->extent == NULL)
+		return EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;
+
+	while (depth >= 0) {
+		if (depth == path->depth) {
+			/* leaf */
+			if (path[depth].extent &&
+			    path[depth].extent !=
+				EXT_LAST_EXTENT(path[depth].header))
+				return to_le32(
+				    path[depth].extent[1].first_block);
 		} else {
-			ext4_fsblk_t goal;
-			int rc = ext4_fs_indirect_find_goal(inode_ref, &goal);
-			if (rc != EOK)
-				goto finish;
+			/* index */
+			if (path[depth].index !=
+			    EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[depth].header))
+				return to_le32(
+				    path[depth].index[1].first_block);
+		}
+		depth--;
+	}
 
-			/* Existing extent contains some blocks */
-			phys_block = ext4_extent_get_start(path_ptr->extent);
-			phys_block +=
-			    ext4_extent_get_block_count(path_ptr->extent);
+	return EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;
+}
 
-			/* Check if the following block is free for allocation
-			 */
-			bool free;
-			rc = ext4_balloc_try_alloc_block(inode_ref, phys_block,
-							 &free);
-			if (rc != EOK)
-				goto finish;
+static int ext4_ext_zero_unwritten_range(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
+					 ext4_fsblk_t block,
+					 uint32_t blocks_count)
+{
+	int err = EOK;
+	uint32_t i;
+	uint32_t block_size = ext4_sb_get_block_size(&inode_ref->fs->sb);
+	for (i = 0; i < blocks_count; i++) {
+		struct ext4_block bh = EXT4_BLOCK_ZERO();
+		err = ext4_trans_block_get_noread(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh, block + i);
+		if (err != EOK)
+			break;
 
-			if (!free) {
-				/* Target is not free, new block must be
-				 * appended to new extent
-				 */
-				goto append_extent;
-			}
+		memset(bh.data, 0, block_size);
+		ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(bh.buf);
+		err = ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh);
+		if (err != EOK)
+			break;
+	}
+	return err;
+}
 
-			/* Update extent */
-			ext4_extent_set_block_count(path_ptr->extent,
-						    block_count + 1,
-						    false);
+int ext4_extent_get_blocks(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref, ext4_fsblk_t iblock,
+			uint32_t max_blocks, ext4_fsblk_t *result, bool create,
+			uint32_t *blocks_count)
+{
+	struct ext4_extent_path *path = NULL;
+	struct ext4_extent newex, *ex;
+	ext4_fsblk_t goal;
+	int err = EOK;
+	int32_t depth;
+	uint32_t allocated = 0;
+	ext4_fsblk_t next, newblock;
 
-			/* Update i-node */
-			if (update_size) {
-				ext4_inode_set_size(inode_ref->inode,
-						    inode_size + block_size);
-				inode_ref->dirty = true;
-			}
+	if (result)
+		*result = 0;
 
-			ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref, path_ptr->header);
-			ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(path_ptr->block.buf);
+	if (blocks_count)
+		*blocks_count = 0;
 
-			goto finish;
-		}
+	/* find extent for this block */
+	err = ext4_find_extent(inode_ref, iblock, &path, 0);
+	if (err != EOK) {
+		path = NULL;
+		goto out2;
 	}
 
-append_extent:
-	/* Append new extent to the tree */
-	phys_block = 0;
+	depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
 
-	rc = ext4_fs_indirect_find_goal(inode_ref, &goal);
-	if (rc != EOK)
-		goto finish;
+	/*
+	 * consistent leaf must not be empty
+	 * this situations is possible, though, _during_ tree modification
+	 * this is why assert can't be put in ext4_ext_find_extent()
+	 */
+	ex = path[depth].extent;
+	if (ex) {
+		ext4_lblk_t ee_block = to_le32(ex->first_block);
+		ext4_fsblk_t ee_start = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
+		uint16_t ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
+		/* if found exent covers block, simple return it */
+		if (IN_RANGE(iblock, ee_block, ee_len)) {
+			/* number of remain blocks in the extent */
+			allocated = ee_len - (iblock - ee_block);
 
-	/* Allocate new data block */
-	rc = ext4_balloc_alloc_block(inode_ref, goal, &phys_block);
-	if (rc != EOK)
-		goto finish;
+			if (!ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex)) {
+				newblock = iblock - ee_block + ee_start;
+				goto out;
+			}
 
-	/* Append extent for new block (includes tree splitting if needed) */
-	rc = ext4_extent_append_extent(inode_ref, path, new_block_idx);
-	if (rc != EOK) {
-		ext4_balloc_free_block(inode_ref, phys_block);
-		goto finish;
-	}
+			if (!create) {
+				newblock = 0;
+				goto out;
+			}
 
-	uint32_t tree_depth = ext4_extent_header_get_depth(path->header);
-	path_ptr = path + tree_depth;
+			uint32_t zero_range;
+			zero_range = allocated;
+			if (zero_range > max_blocks)
+				zero_range = max_blocks;
 
-	/* Initialize newly created extent */
-	ext4_extent_set_block_count(path_ptr->extent, 1, false);
-	ext4_extent_set_first_block(path_ptr->extent, new_block_idx);
-	ext4_extent_set_start(path_ptr->extent, phys_block);
+			newblock = iblock - ee_block + ee_start;
+			err = ext4_ext_zero_unwritten_range(inode_ref, newblock,
+					zero_range);
+			if (err != EOK)
+				goto out2;
 
-	/* Update i-node */
-	if (update_size) {
-		ext4_inode_set_size(inode_ref->inode, inode_size + block_size);
-		inode_ref->dirty = true;
+			err = ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized(inode_ref, &path,
+					iblock, zero_range);
+			if (err != EOK)
+				goto out2;
+
+			goto out;
+		}
 	}
 
-	ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref, path_ptr->header);
-	ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(path_ptr->block.buf);
-
-finish:
-	/* Set return values */
-	*iblock = new_block_idx;
-	*fblock = phys_block;
-
 	/*
-	 * Put loaded blocks
-	 * starting from 1: 0 is a block with inode data
+	 * requested block isn't allocated yet
+	 * we couldn't try to create block if create flag is zero
 	 */
-	for (i = 1; i <= path->depth; ++i) {
-		if (path[i].block.lb_id) {
-			int r =
-			    ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &path[i].block);
-			if (r != EOK)
-				rc = r;
-		}
+	if (!create) {
+		goto out2;
 	}
 
-	/* Destroy temporary data structure */
-	free(path);
+	/* find next allocated block so that we know how many
+	 * blocks we can allocate without ovelapping next extent */
+	next = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path);
+	allocated = next - iblock;
+	if (allocated > max_blocks)
+		allocated = max_blocks;
 
-	return rc;
-}
+	/* allocate new block */
+	goal = ext4_ext_find_goal(inode_ref, path, iblock);
+	newblock = ext4_new_meta_blocks(inode_ref, goal, 0, &allocated, &err);
+	if (!newblock)
+		goto out2;
 
-int ext4_extent_get_blocks(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref, ext4_fsblk_t iblock,
-			   ext4_lblk_t max_blocks, ext4_fsblk_t *result, bool create,
-			   ext4_lblk_t *blocks_count)
-{
-	uint32_t iblk = iblock;
-	ext4_fsblk_t fblk = 0;
-	int r;
+	/* try to insert new extent into found leaf and return */
+	newex.first_block = to_le32(iblock);
+	ext4_ext_store_pblock(&newex, newblock);
+	newex.block_count = to_le16(allocated);
+	err = ext4_ext_insert_extent(inode_ref, &path, &newex, 0);
+	if (err != EOK) {
+		/* free data blocks we just allocated */
+		ext4_ext_free_blocks(inode_ref, ext4_ext_pblock(&newex),
+				     to_le16(newex.block_count), 0);
+		goto out2;
+	}
 
+	/* previous routine could use block we allocated */
+	newblock = ext4_ext_pblock(&newex);
+
+out:
+	if (allocated > max_blocks)
+		allocated = max_blocks;
+
+	if (result)
+		*result = newblock;
+
 	if (blocks_count)
-		return ENOTSUP;
-	if (max_blocks != 1)
-		return ENOTSUP;
+		*blocks_count = allocated;
 
-	if (!create)
-		r = ext4_extent_find_block(inode_ref, iblk, &fblk);
-	else
-		r = ext4_extent_append_block(inode_ref, &iblk, &fblk, false);
+out2:
+	if (path) {
+		ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path, 0);
+		free(path);
+	}
 
-	*result = fblk;
-	return r;
+	return err;
 }
-
-#endif
-/**
- * @}
- */
--- a/lwext4/ext4_extent_full.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1865 +1,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 2015 Grzegorz Kostka ([email protected])
- * Copyright (c) 2015 Kaho Ng ([email protected])
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- *
- * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- *   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * - The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
- *   derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
- * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
- * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
- * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
- * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
- * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
- * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
- * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
- * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-#include "ext4_config.h"
-#include "ext4_blockdev.h"
-#include "ext4_fs.h"
-#include "ext4_super.h"
-#include "ext4_crc32.h"
-#include "ext4_balloc.h"
-#include "ext4_debug.h"
-
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-
-#include "ext4_extent.h"
-
-#if CONFIG_EXTENT_FULL
-
-/*
- * used by extent splitting.
- */
-#define EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1 0x02 /* mark first half unwritten */
-#define EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2 0x04 /* mark second half unwritten */
-#define EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID1 0x08  /* first half contains valid data */
-#define EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID2 0x10  /* second half contains valid data */
-#define EXT4_EXT_NO_COMBINE 0x20   /* do not combine two extents */
-
-static struct ext4_extent_tail *
-find_ext4_extent_tail(struct ext4_extent_header *eh)
-{
-	return (struct ext4_extent_tail *)(((char *)eh) +
-					   EXT4_EXTENT_TAIL_OFFSET(eh));
-}
-
-static struct ext4_extent_header *ext_inode_hdr(struct ext4_inode *inode)
-{
-	return (struct ext4_extent_header *)inode->blocks;
-}
-
-static struct ext4_extent_header *ext_block_hdr(struct ext4_block *block)
-{
-	return (struct ext4_extent_header *)block->data;
-}
-
-static uint16_t ext_depth(struct ext4_inode *inode)
-{
-	return to_le16(ext_inode_hdr(inode)->depth);
-}
-
-static uint16_t ext4_ext_get_actual_len(struct ext4_extent *ext)
-{
-	return (to_le16(ext->block_count) <= EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN
-		    ? to_le16(ext->block_count)
-		    : (to_le16(ext->block_count) - EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN));
-}
-
-static void ext4_ext_mark_initialized(struct ext4_extent *ext)
-{
-	ext->block_count = to_le16(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ext));
-}
-
-static void ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(struct ext4_extent *ext)
-{
-	ext->block_count |= to_le16(EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN);
-}
-
-static int ext4_ext_is_unwritten(struct ext4_extent *ext)
-{
-	/* Extent with ee_len of 0x8000 is treated as an initialized extent */
-	return (to_le16(ext->block_count) > EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN);
-}
-
-/*
- * ext4_ext_pblock:
- * combine low and high parts of physical block number into ext4_fsblk_t
- */
-static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_ext_pblock(struct ext4_extent *ex)
-{
-	ext4_fsblk_t block;
-
-	block = to_le32(ex->start_lo);
-	block |= ((ext4_fsblk_t)to_le16(ex->start_hi) << 31) << 1;
-	return block;
-}
-
-/*
- * ext4_idx_pblock:
- * combine low and high parts of a leaf physical block number into ext4_fsblk_t
- */
-static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_idx_pblock(struct ext4_extent_index *ix)
-{
-	ext4_fsblk_t block;
-
-	block = to_le32(ix->leaf_lo);
-	block |= ((ext4_fsblk_t)to_le16(ix->leaf_hi) << 31) << 1;
-	return block;
-}
-
-/*
- * ext4_ext_store_pblock:
- * stores a large physical block number into an extent struct,
- * breaking it into parts
- */
-static void ext4_ext_store_pblock(struct ext4_extent *ex, ext4_fsblk_t pb)
-{
-	ex->start_lo = to_le32((uint32_t)(pb & 0xffffffff));
-	ex->start_hi = to_le16((uint16_t)((pb >> 32)) & 0xffff);
-}
-
-/*
- * ext4_idx_store_pblock:
- * stores a large physical block number into an index struct,
- * breaking it into parts
- */
-static void ext4_idx_store_pblock(struct ext4_extent_index *ix, ext4_fsblk_t pb)
-{
-	ix->leaf_lo = to_le32((uint32_t)(pb & 0xffffffff));
-	ix->leaf_hi = to_le16((uint16_t)((pb >> 32)) & 0xffff);
-}
-
-static int ext4_allocate_single_block(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				      ext4_fsblk_t goal,
-				      ext4_fsblk_t *blockp)
-{
-	return ext4_balloc_alloc_block(inode_ref, goal, blockp);
-}
-
-static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_new_meta_blocks(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-					 ext4_fsblk_t goal,
-					 uint32_t flags __unused,
-					 uint32_t *count, int *errp)
-{
-	ext4_fsblk_t block = 0;
-
-	*errp = ext4_allocate_single_block(inode_ref, goal, &block);
-	if (count)
-		*count = 1;
-	return block;
-}
-
-static void ext4_ext_free_blocks(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				 ext4_fsblk_t block, uint32_t count,
-				 uint32_t flags __unused)
-{
-	ext4_balloc_free_blocks(inode_ref, block, count);
-}
-
-static size_t ext4_ext_space_block(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref)
-{
-	size_t size;
-	uint32_t block_size = ext4_sb_get_block_size(&inode_ref->fs->sb);
-
-	size = (block_size - sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header)) /
-	       sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
-#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
-	if (size > 6)
-		size = 6;
-#endif
-	return size;
-}
-
-static size_t ext4_ext_space_block_idx(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref)
-{
-	size_t size;
-	uint32_t block_size = ext4_sb_get_block_size(&inode_ref->fs->sb);
-
-	size = (block_size - sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header)) /
-	       sizeof(struct ext4_extent_index);
-#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
-	if (size > 5)
-		size = 5;
-#endif
-	return size;
-}
-
-static size_t ext4_ext_space_root(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref)
-{
-	size_t size;
-
-	size = sizeof(inode_ref->inode->blocks);
-	size -= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header);
-	size /= sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
-#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
-	if (size > 3)
-		size = 3;
-#endif
-	return size;
-}
-
-static size_t ext4_ext_space_root_idx(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref)
-{
-	size_t size;
-
-	size = sizeof(inode_ref->inode->blocks);
-	size -= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header);
-	size /= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_index);
-#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
-	if (size > 4)
-		size = 4;
-#endif
-	return size;
-}
-
-static size_t ext4_ext_max_entries(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				   uint32_t depth)
-{
-	size_t max;
-
-	if (depth == ext_depth(inode_ref->inode)) {
-		if (depth == 0)
-			max = ext4_ext_space_root(inode_ref);
-		else
-			max = ext4_ext_space_root_idx(inode_ref);
-	} else {
-		if (depth == 0)
-			max = ext4_ext_space_block(inode_ref);
-		else
-			max = ext4_ext_space_block_idx(inode_ref);
-	}
-
-	return max;
-}
-
-static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_ext_find_goal(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				       struct ext4_extent_path *path,
-				       ext4_lblk_t block)
-{
-	if (path) {
-		uint32_t depth = path->depth;
-		struct ext4_extent *ex;
-
-		/*
-		 * Try to predict block placement assuming that we are
-		 * filling in a file which will eventually be
-		 * non-sparse --- i.e., in the case of libbfd writing
-		 * an ELF object sections out-of-order but in a way
-		 * the eventually results in a contiguous object or
-		 * executable file, or some database extending a table
-		 * space file.  However, this is actually somewhat
-		 * non-ideal if we are writing a sparse file such as
-		 * qemu or KVM writing a raw image file that is going
-		 * to stay fairly sparse, since it will end up
-		 * fragmenting the file system's free space.  Maybe we
-		 * should have some hueristics or some way to allow
-		 * userspace to pass a hint to file system,
-		 * especially if the latter case turns out to be
-		 * common.
-		 */
-		ex = path[depth].extent;
-		if (ex) {
-			ext4_fsblk_t ext_pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
-			ext4_lblk_t ext_block = to_le32(ex->first_block);
-
-			if (block > ext_block)
-				return ext_pblk + (block - ext_block);
-			else
-				return ext_pblk - (ext_block - block);
-		}
-
-		/* it looks like index is empty;
-		 * try to find starting block from index itself */
-		if (path[depth].block.lb_id)
-			return path[depth].block.lb_id;
-	}
-
-	/* OK. use inode's group */
-	return ext4_fs_inode_to_goal_block(inode_ref);
-}
-
-/*
- * Allocation for a meta data block
- */
-static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_ext_new_meta_block(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-					    struct ext4_extent_path *path,
-					    struct ext4_extent *ex, int *err,
-					    uint32_t flags)
-{
-	ext4_fsblk_t goal, newblock;
-
-	goal = ext4_ext_find_goal(inode_ref, path, to_le32(ex->first_block));
-	newblock = ext4_new_meta_blocks(inode_ref, goal, flags, NULL, err);
-	return newblock;
-}
-
-#if CONFIG_META_CSUM_ENABLE
-static uint32_t ext4_ext_block_csum(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				    struct ext4_extent_header *eh)
-{
-	uint32_t checksum = 0;
-	struct ext4_sblock *sb = &inode_ref->fs->sb;
-
-	if (ext4_sb_feature_ro_com(sb, EXT4_FRO_COM_METADATA_CSUM)) {
-		uint32_t ino_index = to_le32(inode_ref->index);
-		uint32_t ino_gen =
-			to_le32(ext4_inode_get_generation(inode_ref->inode));
-		/* First calculate crc32 checksum against fs uuid */
-		checksum = ext4_crc32c(EXT4_CRC32_INIT, sb->uuid,
-				sizeof(sb->uuid));
-		/* Then calculate crc32 checksum against inode number
-		 * and inode generation */
-		checksum = ext4_crc32c(checksum, &ino_index,
-				     sizeof(ino_index));
-		checksum = ext4_crc32c(checksum, &ino_gen,
-				     sizeof(ino_gen));
-		/* Finally calculate crc32 checksum against 
-		 * the entire extent block up to the checksum field */
-		checksum = ext4_crc32c(checksum, eh,
-				EXT4_EXTENT_TAIL_OFFSET(eh));
-	}
-	return checksum;
-}
-#else
-#define ext4_ext_block_csum(...) 0
-#endif
-
-static void ext4_extent_block_csum_set(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref __unused,
-				       struct ext4_extent_header *eh)
-{
-	struct ext4_extent_tail *tail;
-
-	tail = find_ext4_extent_tail(eh);
-	tail->et_checksum = to_le32(ext4_ext_block_csum(inode_ref, eh));
-}
-
-static int ext4_ext_dirty(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-			  struct ext4_extent_path *path)
-{
-	if (path->block.lb_id)
-		ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(path->block.buf);
-	else
-		inode_ref->dirty = true;
-
-	return EOK;
-}
-
-static void ext4_ext_drop_refs(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-			       struct ext4_extent_path *path, bool keep_other)
-{
-	int32_t depth, i;
-
-	if (!path)
-		return;
-	if (keep_other)
-		depth = 0;
-	else
-		depth = path->depth;
-
-	for (i = 0; i <= depth; i++, path++) {
-		if (path->block.lb_id) {
-			if (ext4_bcache_test_flag(path->block.buf, BC_DIRTY))
-				ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref,
-						path->header);
-
-			ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &path->block);
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-/*
- * Check that whether the basic information inside the extent header
- * is correct or not.
- */
-static int ext4_ext_check(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-			  struct ext4_extent_header *eh, uint16_t depth,
-			  ext4_fsblk_t pblk __unused)
-{
-	struct ext4_extent_tail *tail;
-	struct ext4_sblock *sb = &inode_ref->fs->sb;
-	const char *error_msg;
-	(void)error_msg;
-
-	if (to_le16(eh->magic) != EXT4_EXTENT_MAGIC) {
-		error_msg = "invalid magic";
-		goto corrupted;
-	}
-	if (to_le16(eh->depth) != depth) {
-		error_msg = "unexpected eh_depth";
-		goto corrupted;
-	}
-	if (eh->max_entries_count == 0) {
-		error_msg = "invalid eh_max";
-		goto corrupted;
-	}
-	if (to_le16(eh->entries_count) > to_le16(eh->max_entries_count)) {
-		error_msg = "invalid eh_entries";
-		goto corrupted;
-	}
-
-	tail = find_ext4_extent_tail(eh);
-	if (ext4_sb_feature_ro_com(sb, EXT4_FRO_COM_METADATA_CSUM)) {
-		if (tail->et_checksum != to_le32(ext4_ext_block_csum(inode_ref, eh))) {
-			ext4_dbg(DEBUG_EXTENT,
-				 DBG_WARN "Extent block checksum failed."
-				 "Blocknr: %" PRIu64"\n",
-				 pblk);
-
-		}
-	}
-
-	return EOK;
-
-corrupted:
-	ext4_dbg(DEBUG_EXTENT, "Bad extents B+ tree block: %s. "
-			       "Blocknr: %" PRId64 "\n",
-		 error_msg, pblk);
-	return EIO;
-}
-
-static int read_extent_tree_block(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				  ext4_fsblk_t pblk, int32_t depth,
-				  struct ext4_block *bh,
-				  uint32_t flags __unused)
-{
-	int err;
-
-	err = ext4_trans_block_get(inode_ref->fs->bdev, bh, pblk);
-	if (err != EOK)
-		goto errout;
-
-	err = ext4_ext_check(inode_ref, ext_block_hdr(bh), depth, pblk);
-	if (err != EOK)
-		goto errout;
-
-	return EOK;
-errout:
-	if (bh->lb_id)
-		ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, bh);
-
-	return err;
-}
-
-/*
- * ext4_ext_binsearch_idx:
- * binary search for the closest index of the given block
- * the header must be checked before calling this
- */
-static void ext4_ext_binsearch_idx(struct ext4_extent_path *path,
-				   ext4_lblk_t block)
-{
-	struct ext4_extent_header *eh = path->header;
-	struct ext4_extent_index *r, *l, *m;
-
-	l = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh) + 1;
-	r = EXT_LAST_INDEX(eh);
-	while (l <= r) {
-		m = l + (r - l) / 2;
-		if (block < to_le32(m->first_block))
-			r = m - 1;
-		else
-			l = m + 1;
-	}
-
-	path->index = l - 1;
-}
-
-/*
- * ext4_ext_binsearch:
- * binary search for closest extent of the given block
- * the header must be checked before calling this
- */
-static void ext4_ext_binsearch(struct ext4_extent_path *path, ext4_lblk_t block)
-{
-	struct ext4_extent_header *eh = path->header;
-	struct ext4_extent *r, *l, *m;
-
-	if (eh->entries_count == 0) {
-		/*
-		 * this leaf is empty:
-		 * we get such a leaf in split/add case
-		 */
-		return;
-	}
-
-	l = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh) + 1;
-	r = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);
-
-	while (l <= r) {
-		m = l + (r - l) / 2;
-		if (block < to_le32(m->first_block))
-			r = m - 1;
-		else
-			l = m + 1;
-	}
-
-	path->extent = l - 1;
-}
-
-static int ext4_find_extent(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref, ext4_lblk_t block,
-			    struct ext4_extent_path **orig_path, uint32_t flags)
-{
-	struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
-	struct ext4_block bh = EXT4_BLOCK_ZERO();
-	ext4_fsblk_t buf_block = 0;
-	struct ext4_extent_path *path = *orig_path;
-	int32_t depth, ppos = 0;
-	int32_t i;
-	int ret;
-
-	eh = ext_inode_hdr(inode_ref->inode);
-	depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
-
-	if (path) {
-		ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path, 0);
-		if (depth > path[0].maxdepth) {
-			free(path);
-			*orig_path = path = NULL;
-		}
-	}
-	if (!path) {
-		int32_t path_depth = depth + 1;
-		/* account possible depth increase */
-		path = calloc(1, sizeof(struct ext4_extent_path) *
-				     (path_depth + 1));
-		if (!path)
-			return ENOMEM;
-		path[0].maxdepth = path_depth;
-	}
-	path[0].header = eh;
-	path[0].block = bh;
-
-	i = depth;
-	/* walk through the tree */
-	while (i) {
-		ext4_ext_binsearch_idx(path + ppos, block);
-		path[ppos].p_block = ext4_idx_pblock(path[ppos].index);
-		path[ppos].depth = i;
-		path[ppos].extent = NULL;
-		buf_block = path[ppos].p_block;
-
-		i--;
-		ppos++;
-		if (!path[ppos].block.lb_id ||
-		    path[ppos].block.lb_id != buf_block) {
-			ret = read_extent_tree_block(inode_ref, buf_block, i,
-						     &bh, flags);
-			if (ret != EOK) {
-				goto err;
-			}
-			if (ppos > depth) {
-				ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh);
-				ret = EIO;
-				goto err;
-			}
-
-			eh = ext_block_hdr(&bh);
-			path[ppos].block = bh;
-			path[ppos].header = eh;
-		}
-	}
-
-	path[ppos].depth = i;
-	path[ppos].extent = NULL;
-	path[ppos].index = NULL;
-
-	/* find extent */
-	ext4_ext_binsearch(path + ppos, block);
-	/* if not an empty leaf */
-	if (path[ppos].extent)
-		path[ppos].p_block = ext4_ext_pblock(path[ppos].extent);
-
-	*orig_path = path;
-
-	ret = EOK;
-	return ret;
-
-err:
-	ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path, 0);
-	free(path);
-	if (orig_path)
-		*orig_path = NULL;
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static void ext4_ext_init_header(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				 struct ext4_extent_header *eh, int32_t depth)
-{
-	eh->entries_count = 0;
-	eh->max_entries_count = to_le16(ext4_ext_max_entries(inode_ref, depth));
-	eh->magic = to_le16(EXT4_EXTENT_MAGIC);
-	eh->depth = depth;
-}
-
-/*
- * Be cautious, the buffer_head returned is not yet mark dirtied. */
-static int ext4_ext_split_node(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-			       struct ext4_extent_path *path, int32_t at,
-			       struct ext4_extent *newext,
-			       ext4_fsblk_t *sibling, struct ext4_block *new_bh)
-{
-	int ret;
-	ext4_fsblk_t newblock;
-	struct ext4_block bh = EXT4_BLOCK_ZERO();
-	int32_t depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
-
-	ext4_assert(sibling);
-
-	/* FIXME: currently we split at the point after the current extent. */
-	newblock = ext4_ext_new_meta_block(inode_ref, path, newext, &ret, 0);
-	if (ret)
-		goto cleanup;
-
-	/*  For write access.# */
-	ret = ext4_trans_block_get_noread(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh, newblock);
-	if (ret != EOK)
-		goto cleanup;
-
-	if (at == depth) {
-		/* start copy from next extent */
-		ptrdiff_t m = EXT_MAX_EXTENT(path[at].header) - path[at].extent;
-		struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
-		neh = ext_block_hdr(&bh);
-		ext4_ext_init_header(inode_ref, neh, 0);
-		if (m) {
-			struct ext4_extent *ex;
-			ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(neh);
-			memmove(ex, path[at].extent + 1,
-				sizeof(struct ext4_extent) * m);
-			neh->entries_count =
-			    to_le16(to_le16(neh->entries_count) + m);
-			path[at].header->entries_count = to_le16(
-			    to_le16(path[at].header->entries_count) - m);
-			ret = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + at);
-			if (ret)
-				goto cleanup;
-		}
-	} else {
-		ptrdiff_t m = EXT_MAX_INDEX(path[at].header) - path[at].index;
-		struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
-		neh = ext_block_hdr(&bh);
-		ext4_ext_init_header(inode_ref, neh, depth - at);
-		if (m) {
-			struct ext4_extent_index *ix;
-			ix = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh);
-			memmove(ix, path[at].index + 1,
-				sizeof(struct ext4_extent) * m);
-			neh->entries_count =
-			    to_le16(to_le16(neh->entries_count) + m);
-			path[at].header->entries_count = to_le16(
-			    to_le16(path[at].header->entries_count) - m);
-			ret = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + at);
-			if (ret)
-				goto cleanup;
-		}
-	}
-cleanup:
-	if (ret) {
-		if (bh.lb_id) {
-			ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh);
-		}
-		if (newblock)
-			ext4_ext_free_blocks(inode_ref, newblock, 1, 0);
-
-		newblock = 0;
-	}
-	*sibling = newblock;
-	*new_bh = bh;
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static ext4_lblk_t ext4_ext_block_index(struct ext4_extent_header *eh)
-{
-	if (eh->depth)
-		return to_le32(EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh)->first_block);
-
-	return to_le32(EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh)->first_block);
-}
-
-struct ext_split_trans {
-	ext4_fsblk_t ptr;
-	struct ext4_extent_path path;
-	int switch_to;
-};
-
-static int ext4_ext_insert_index(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				 struct ext4_extent_path *path,
-				 int32_t at,
-				 struct ext4_extent *newext,
-				 ext4_lblk_t insert_index,
-				 ext4_fsblk_t insert_block,
-				 struct ext_split_trans *spt,
-				 bool *need_grow)
-{
-	struct ext4_extent_index *ix;
-	struct ext4_extent_path *curp = path + at;
-	struct ext4_block bh = EXT4_BLOCK_ZERO();
-	int32_t len;
-	int err;
-	struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
-
-	*need_grow = false;
-
-	if (curp->index && insert_index == to_le32(curp->index->first_block))
-		return EIO;
-
-	if (to_le16(curp->header->entries_count) ==
-	    to_le16(curp->header->max_entries_count)) {
-		if (at) {
-			struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
-			err = ext4_ext_split_node(inode_ref, path, at, newext,
-						  &spt->ptr, &bh);
-			if (err != EOK)
-				goto out;
-
-			neh = ext_block_hdr(&bh);
-			if (insert_index > to_le32(curp->index->first_block)) {
-				/* Make decision which node should be used to
-				 * insert the index.*/
-				if (to_le16(neh->entries_count) >
-				    to_le16(curp->header->entries_count)) {
-					eh = curp->header;
-					/* insert after */
-					ix = EXT_LAST_INDEX(eh) + 1;
-				} else {
-					eh = neh;
-					ix = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh);
-				}
-			} else {
-				eh = curp->header;
-				/* insert before */
-				ix = EXT_LAST_INDEX(eh);
-			}
-		} else {
-			err = EOK;
-			*need_grow = true;
-			goto out;
-		}
-	} else {
-		eh = curp->header;
-		if (curp->index == NULL) {
-			ix = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh);
-			curp->index = ix;
-		} else if (insert_index > to_le32(curp->index->first_block)) {
-			/* insert after */
-			ix = curp->index + 1;
-		} else {
-			/* insert before */
-			ix = curp->index;
-		}
-	}
-
-	len = EXT_LAST_INDEX(eh) - ix + 1;
-	ext4_assert(len >= 0);
-	if (len > 0)
-		memmove(ix + 1, ix, len * sizeof(struct ext4_extent_index));
-
-	if (ix > EXT_MAX_INDEX(eh)) {
-		err = EIO;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	ix->first_block = to_le32(insert_index);
-	ext4_idx_store_pblock(ix, insert_block);
-	eh->entries_count = to_le16(to_le16(eh->entries_count) + 1);
-
-	if (ix > EXT_LAST_INDEX(eh)) {
-		err = EIO;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	if (eh == curp->header)
-		err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, curp);
-	else
-		err = EOK;
-
-out:
-	if (err != EOK || *need_grow) {
-		if (bh.lb_id)
-			ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh);
-
-		spt->ptr = 0;
-	} else if (bh.lb_id) {
-		/* If we got a sibling leaf. */
-		ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref, ext_block_hdr(&bh));
-		ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(bh.buf);
-
-		spt->path.p_block = ext4_idx_pblock(ix);
-		spt->path.depth = to_le16(eh->depth);
-		spt->path.maxdepth = 0;
-		spt->path.extent = NULL;
-		spt->path.index = ix;
-		spt->path.header = eh;
-		spt->path.block = bh;
-
-		/*
-		 * If newext->ee_block can be included into the
-		 * right sub-tree.
-		 */
-		if (to_le32(newext->first_block) >=
-		    ext4_ext_block_index(ext_block_hdr(&bh)))
-			spt->switch_to = 1;
-		else {
-			curp->index = ix;
-			curp->p_block = ext4_idx_pblock(ix);
-		}
-
-	} else {
-		spt->ptr = 0;
-		curp->index = ix;
-		curp->p_block = ext4_idx_pblock(ix);
-	}
-	return err;
-}
-
-/*
- * ext4_ext_correct_indexes:
- * if leaf gets modified and modified extent is first in the leaf,
- * then we have to correct all indexes above.
- */
-static int ext4_ext_correct_indexes(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				    struct ext4_extent_path *path)
-{
-	struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
-	int32_t depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
-	struct ext4_extent *ex;
-	uint32_t border;
-	int32_t k;
-	int err = EOK;
-
-	eh = path[depth].header;
-	ex = path[depth].extent;
-
-	if (ex == NULL || eh == NULL) {
-		return EIO;
-	}
-
-	if (depth == 0) {
-		/* there is no tree at all */
-		return EOK;
-	}
-
-	if (ex != EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh)) {
-		/* we correct tree if first leaf got modified only */
-		return EOK;
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * TODO: we need correction if border is smaller than current one
-	 */
-	k = depth - 1;
-	border = path[depth].extent->first_block;
-	path[k].index->first_block = border;
-	err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + k);
-	if (err != EOK)
-		return err;
-
-	while (k--) {
-		/* change all left-side indexes */
-		if (path[k + 1].index != EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[k + 1].header))
-			break;
-		path[k].index->first_block = border;
-		err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + k);
-		if (err != EOK)
-			break;
-	}
-
-	return err;
-}
-
-static bool ext4_ext_can_prepend(struct ext4_extent *ex1,
-				 struct ext4_extent *ex2)
-{
-	if (ext4_ext_pblock(ex2) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) !=
-	    ext4_ext_pblock(ex1))
-		return false;
-
-#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
-	if (ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) > 4)
-		return 0;
-#else
-	if (ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex1)) {
-		if (ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) +
-			ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) >
-		    EXT_UNWRITTEN_MAX_LEN)
-			return false;
-	} else if (ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) >
-		   EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN)
-		return false;
-#endif
-
-	if (to_le32(ex2->first_block) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) !=
-	    to_le32(ex1->first_block))
-		return false;
-
-	return true;
-}
-
-static bool ext4_ext_can_append(struct ext4_extent *ex1,
-				struct ext4_extent *ex2)
-{
-	if (ext4_ext_pblock(ex1) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) !=
-	    ext4_ext_pblock(ex2))
-		return false;
-
-#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
-	if (ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) > 4)
-		return 0;
-#else
-	if (ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex1)) {
-		if (ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) +
-			ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) >
-		    EXT_UNWRITTEN_MAX_LEN)
-			return false;
-	} else if (ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2) >
-		   EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN)
-		return false;
-#endif
-
-	if (to_le32(ex1->first_block) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1) !=
-	    to_le32(ex2->first_block))
-		return false;
-
-	return true;
-}
-
-static int ext4_ext_insert_leaf(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				struct ext4_extent_path *path,
-				int32_t at,
-				struct ext4_extent *newext,
-				struct ext_split_trans *spt,
-				uint32_t flags,
-				bool *need_grow)
-{
-	struct ext4_extent_path *curp = path + at;
-	struct ext4_extent *ex = curp->extent;
-	struct ext4_block bh = EXT4_BLOCK_ZERO();
-	int32_t len;
-	int err = EOK;
-	int unwritten;
-	struct ext4_extent_header *eh = NULL;
-
-	*need_grow = false;
-
-	if (curp->extent &&
-	    to_le32(newext->first_block) == to_le32(curp->extent->first_block))
-		return EIO;
-
-	if (!(flags & EXT4_EXT_NO_COMBINE)) {
-		if (curp->extent && ext4_ext_can_append(curp->extent, newext)) {
-			unwritten = ext4_ext_is_unwritten(curp->extent);
-			curp->extent->block_count =
-			    to_le16(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(curp->extent) +
-				    ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext));
-			if (unwritten)
-				ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(curp->extent);
-			err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, curp);
-			goto out;
-		}
-
-		if (curp->extent &&
-		    ext4_ext_can_prepend(curp->extent, newext)) {
-			unwritten = ext4_ext_is_unwritten(curp->extent);
-			curp->extent->first_block = newext->first_block;
-			curp->extent->block_count =
-			    to_le16(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(curp->extent) +
-				    ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext));
-			if (unwritten)
-				ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(curp->extent);
-			err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, curp);
-			goto out;
-		}
-	}
-
-	if (to_le16(curp->header->entries_count) ==
-	    to_le16(curp->header->max_entries_count)) {
-		if (at) {
-			struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
-			err = ext4_ext_split_node(inode_ref, path, at, newext,
-						  &spt->ptr, &bh);
-			if (err != EOK)
-				goto out;
-
-			neh = ext_block_hdr(&bh);
-			if (to_le32(newext->first_block) >
-			    to_le32(curp->extent->first_block)) {
-				if (to_le16(neh->entries_count) >
-				    to_le16(curp->header->entries_count)) {
-					eh = curp->header;
-					/* insert after */
-					ex = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh) + 1;
-				} else {
-					eh = neh;
-					ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
-				}
-			} else {
-				eh = curp->header;
-				/* insert before */
-				ex = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);
-			}
-		} else {
-			err = EOK;
-			*need_grow = true;
-			goto out;
-		}
-	} else {
-		eh = curp->header;
-		if (curp->extent == NULL) {
-			ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
-			curp->extent = ex;
-		} else if (to_le32(newext->first_block) >
-			   to_le32(curp->extent->first_block)) {
-			/* insert after */
-			ex = curp->extent + 1;
-		} else {
-			/* insert before */
-			ex = curp->extent;
-		}
-	}
-
-	len = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh) - ex + 1;
-	ext4_assert(len >= 0);
-	if (len > 0)
-		memmove(ex + 1, ex, len * sizeof(struct ext4_extent));
-
-	if (ex > EXT_MAX_EXTENT(eh)) {
-		err = EIO;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	ex->first_block = newext->first_block;
-	ex->block_count = newext->block_count;
-	ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, ext4_ext_pblock(newext));
-	eh->entries_count = to_le16(to_le16(eh->entries_count) + 1);
-
-	if (ex > EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh)) {
-		err = EIO;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	if (eh == curp->header) {
-		err = ext4_ext_correct_indexes(inode_ref, path);
-		if (err != EOK)
-			goto out;
-		err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, curp);
-	} else
-		err = EOK;
-
-out:
-	if (err != EOK || *need_grow) {
-		if (bh.lb_id)
-			ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh);
-
-		spt->ptr = 0;
-	} else if (bh.lb_id) {
-		/* If we got a sibling leaf. */
-		ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref, ext_block_hdr(&bh));
-		ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(bh.buf);
-
-		spt->path.p_block = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
-		spt->path.depth = to_le16(eh->depth);
-		spt->path.maxdepth = 0;
-		spt->path.extent = ex;
-		spt->path.index = NULL;
-		spt->path.header = eh;
-		spt->path.block = bh;
-
-		/*
-		 * If newext->ee_block can be included into the
-		 * right sub-tree.
-		 */
-		if (to_le32(newext->first_block) >=
-		    ext4_ext_block_index(ext_block_hdr(&bh)))
-			spt->switch_to = 1;
-		else {
-			curp->extent = ex;
-			curp->p_block = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
-		}
-
-	} else {
-		spt->ptr = 0;
-		curp->extent = ex;
-		curp->p_block = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
-	}
-
-	return err;
-}
-
-/*
- * ext4_ext_grow_indepth:
- * implements tree growing procedure:
- * - allocates new block
- * - moves top-level data (index block or leaf) into the new block
- * - initializes new top-level, creating index that points to the
- *   just created block
- */
-static int ext4_ext_grow_indepth(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				 uint32_t flags)
-{
-	struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
-	struct ext4_block bh = EXT4_BLOCK_ZERO();
-	ext4_fsblk_t newblock, goal = 0;
-	int err = EOK;
-
-	/* Try to prepend new index to old one */
-	if (ext_depth(inode_ref->inode))
-		goal = ext4_idx_pblock(
-		    EXT_FIRST_INDEX(ext_inode_hdr(inode_ref->inode)));
-	else
-		goal = ext4_fs_inode_to_goal_block(inode_ref);
-
-	newblock = ext4_new_meta_blocks(inode_ref, goal, flags, NULL, &err);
-	if (newblock == 0)
-		return err;
-
-	/* # */
-	err = ext4_trans_block_get_noread(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh, newblock);
-	if (err != EOK) {
-		ext4_ext_free_blocks(inode_ref, newblock, 1, 0);
-		return err;
-	}
-
-	/* move top-level index/leaf into new block */
-	memmove(bh.data, inode_ref->inode->blocks,
-		sizeof(inode_ref->inode->blocks));
-
-	/* set size of new block */
-	neh = ext_block_hdr(&bh);
-	/* old root could have indexes or leaves
-	 * so calculate e_max right way */
-	if (ext_depth(inode_ref->inode))
-		neh->max_entries_count =
-		    to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block_idx(inode_ref));
-	else
-		neh->max_entries_count =
-		    to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block(inode_ref));
-
-	neh->magic = to_le16(EXT4_EXTENT_MAGIC);
-	ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode_ref, neh);
-
-	/* Update top-level index: num,max,pointer */
-	neh = ext_inode_hdr(inode_ref->inode);
-	neh->entries_count = to_le16(1);
-	ext4_idx_store_pblock(EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh), newblock);
-	if (neh->depth == 0) {
-		/* Root extent block becomes index block */
-		neh->max_entries_count =
-		    to_le16(ext4_ext_space_root_idx(inode_ref));
-		EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh)
-		    ->first_block = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(neh)->first_block;
-	}
-	neh->depth = to_le16(to_le16(neh->depth) + 1);
-
-	ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(bh.buf);
-	inode_ref->dirty = true;
-	ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh);
-
-	return err;
-}
-
-__unused static void print_path(struct ext4_extent_path *path)
-{
-	int32_t i = path->depth;
-	while (i >= 0) {
-
-		ptrdiff_t a =
-		    (path->extent)
-			? (path->extent - EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(path->header))
-			: 0;
-		ptrdiff_t b =
-		    (path->index)
-			? (path->index - EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path->header))
-			: 0;
-
-		(void)a;
-		(void)b;
-		ext4_dbg(DEBUG_EXTENT,
-			 "depth %" PRId32 ", p_block: %" PRIu64 ","
-			 "p_ext offset: %td, p_idx offset: %td\n",
-			 i, path->p_block, a, b);
-		i--;
-		path++;
-	}
-}
-
-static void ext4_ext_replace_path(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				  struct ext4_extent_path *path,
-				  struct ext_split_trans *spt,
-				  int32_t level)
-{
-	int32_t depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
-	int32_t i = depth - level;
-	ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path + i, 1);
-	path[i] = spt[level].path;
-}
-
-static int ext4_ext_insert_extent(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				  struct ext4_extent_path **ppath,
-				  struct ext4_extent *newext, uint32_t flags)
-{
-	int32_t i, depth, level;
-	int ret = EOK;
-	ext4_fsblk_t ptr = 0;
-	bool need_grow = false;
-	struct ext4_extent_path *path = *ppath;
-	struct ext_split_trans *spt = NULL;
-	struct ext_split_trans newblock;
-
-	memset(&newblock, 0, sizeof(newblock));
-
-	depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
-	for (i = depth, level = 0; i >= 0; i--, level++)
-		if (EXT_HAS_FREE_INDEX(path + i))
-			break;
-
-	if (level) {
-		spt = calloc(1, sizeof(struct ext_split_trans) * (level));
-		if (!spt) {
-			ret = ENOMEM;
-			goto out;
-		}
-	}
-	i = 0;
-again:
-	depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
-
-	do {
-		if (!i) {
-			ret = ext4_ext_insert_leaf(inode_ref, path, depth - i,
-						   newext, &newblock, flags,
-						   &need_grow);
-		} else {
-			ret = ext4_ext_insert_index(
-			    inode_ref, path, depth - i, newext,
-			    ext4_ext_block_index(
-				ext_block_hdr(&spt[i - 1].path.block)),
-			    spt[i - 1].ptr, &newblock,
-			    &need_grow);
-		}
-		ptr = newblock.ptr;
-
-		if (ret != EOK)
-			goto out;
-
-		else if (spt && ptr && !ret) {
-			/* Prepare for the next iteration after splitting. */
-			spt[i] = newblock;
-		}
-
-		i++;
-	} while (ptr != 0 && i <= depth);
-
-	if (need_grow) {
-		ret = ext4_ext_grow_indepth(inode_ref, 0);
-		if (ret)
-			goto out;
-		ret = ext4_find_extent(inode_ref, to_le32(newext->first_block),
-				       ppath, 0);
-		if (ret)
-			goto out;
-		i = depth;
-		path = *ppath;
-		goto again;
-	}
-out:
-	if (ret) {
-		if (path)
-			ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path, 0);
-
-		while (--level >= 0 && spt) {
-			if (spt[level].ptr) {
-				ext4_ext_free_blocks(inode_ref, spt[level].ptr,
-						     1, 0);
-				ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, &spt[level].path,
-						   1);
-			}
-		}
-	} else {
-		while (--level >= 0 && spt) {
-			if (spt[level].switch_to)
-				ext4_ext_replace_path(inode_ref, path, spt,
-						      level);
-			else if (spt[level].ptr)
-				ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, &spt[level].path,
-						   1);
-		}
-	}
-	if (spt)
-		free(spt);
-
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static void ext4_ext_remove_blocks(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				   struct ext4_extent *ex, ext4_lblk_t from,
-				   ext4_lblk_t to)
-{
-	ext4_lblk_t len = to - from + 1;
-	ext4_lblk_t num;
-	ext4_fsblk_t start;
-	num = from - to_le32(ex->first_block);
-	start = ext4_ext_pblock(ex) + num;
-	ext4_dbg(DEBUG_EXTENT,
-		 "Freeing %" PRIu32 " at %" PRIu64 ", %" PRIu32 "\n", from,
-		 start, len);
-
-	ext4_ext_free_blocks(inode_ref, start, len, 0);
-}
-
-static int ext4_ext_remove_idx(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-			       struct ext4_extent_path *path, int32_t depth)
-{
-	int err = EOK;
-	int32_t i = depth;
-	ext4_fsblk_t leaf;
-
-	/* free index block */
-	leaf = ext4_idx_pblock(path[i].index);
-
-	if (path[i].index != EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[i].header)) {
-		ptrdiff_t len = EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[i].header) - path[i].index;
-		memmove(path[i].index, path[i].index + 1,
-			len * sizeof(struct ext4_extent_index));
-	}
-
-	path[i].header->entries_count =
-	    to_le16(to_le16(path[i].header->entries_count) - 1);
-	err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + i);
-	if (err != EOK)
-		return err;
-
-	ext4_dbg(DEBUG_EXTENT, "IDX: Freeing %" PRIu32 " at %" PRIu64 ", %d\n",
-		 to_le32(path[i].index->first_block), leaf, 1);
-	ext4_ext_free_blocks(inode_ref, leaf, 1, 0);
-
-	while (i > 0) {
-		if (path[i].index != EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[i].header))
-			break;
-
-		path[i - 1].index->first_block = path[i].index->first_block;
-		err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + i - 1);
-		if (err != EOK)
-			break;
-
-		i--;
-	}
-	return err;
-}
-
-static int ext4_ext_remove_leaf(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				struct ext4_extent_path *path, ext4_lblk_t from,
-				ext4_lblk_t to)
-{
-
-	int32_t depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
-	struct ext4_extent *ex = path[depth].extent;
-	struct ext4_extent *start_ex, *ex2 = NULL;
-	struct ext4_extent_header *eh = path[depth].header;
-	int32_t len;
-	int err = EOK;
-	uint16_t new_entries;
-
-	start_ex = ex;
-	new_entries = to_le16(eh->entries_count);
-	while (ex <= EXT_LAST_EXTENT(path[depth].header) &&
-	       to_le32(ex->first_block) <= to) {
-		int32_t new_len = 0;
-		int unwritten;
-		ext4_lblk_t start, new_start;
-		ext4_fsblk_t newblock;
-		new_start = start = to_le32(ex->first_block);
-		len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
-		newblock = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
-		if (start < from) {
-			len -= from - start;
-			new_len = from - start;
-			start = from;
-			start_ex++;
-		} else {
-			if (start + len - 1 > to) {
-				len -= start + len - 1 - to;
-				new_len = start + len - 1 - to;
-				new_start = to + 1;
-				newblock += to + 1 - start;
-				ex2 = ex;
-			}
-		}
-
-		ext4_ext_remove_blocks(inode_ref, ex, start, start + len - 1);
-		ex->first_block = to_le32(new_start);
-		if (!new_len)
-			new_entries--;
-		else {
-			unwritten = ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex);
-			ex->block_count = to_le16(new_len);
-			ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, newblock);
-			if (unwritten)
-				ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex);
-		}
-
-		ex += 1;
-	}
-
-	if (ex2 == NULL)
-		ex2 = ex;
-
-	if (ex2 <= EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh))
-		memmove(start_ex, ex2, EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh) - ex2 + 1);
-
-	eh->entries_count = to_le16(new_entries);
-	ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + depth);
-	if (path[depth].extent == EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh) && eh->entries_count)
-		err = ext4_ext_correct_indexes(inode_ref, path);
-
-	/* if this leaf is free, then we should
-	 * remove it from index block above */
-	if (err == EOK && eh->entries_count == 0 && path[depth].block.lb_id)
-		err = ext4_ext_remove_idx(inode_ref, path, depth - 1);
-	else if (depth > 0)
-		path[depth - 1].index++;
-
-	return err;
-}
-
-static bool ext4_ext_more_to_rm(struct ext4_extent_path *path, ext4_lblk_t to)
-{
-	if (!to_le16(path->header->entries_count))
-		return false;
-
-	if (path->index > EXT_LAST_INDEX(path->header))
-		return false;
-
-	if (to_le32(path->index->first_block) > to)
-		return false;
-
-	return true;
-}
-
-int ext4_extent_remove_space(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref, ext4_lblk_t from,
-			  ext4_lblk_t to)
-{
-	struct ext4_extent_path *path = NULL;
-	int ret = EOK;
-	int32_t depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
-	int32_t i;
-
-	ret = ext4_find_extent(inode_ref, from, &path, 0);
-	if (ret)
-		goto out;
-
-	if (!path[depth].extent) {
-		ret = EOK;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	bool in_range = IN_RANGE(from, to_le32(path[depth].extent->first_block),
-			ext4_ext_get_actual_len(path[depth].extent));
-
-	if (!in_range) {
-		ret = EOK;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	/* If we do remove_space inside the range of an extent */
-	if ((to_le32(path[depth].extent->first_block) < from) &&
-	    (to < to_le32(path[depth].extent->first_block) +
-			ext4_ext_get_actual_len(path[depth].extent) - 1)) {
-
-		struct ext4_extent *ex = path[depth].extent, newex;
-		int unwritten = ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex);
-		ext4_lblk_t ee_block = to_le32(ex->first_block);
-		int32_t len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
-		ext4_fsblk_t newblock =
-			to + 1 - ee_block + ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
-
-		ex->block_count = to_le16(from - ee_block);
-		if (unwritten)
-			ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex);
-
-		ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path + depth);
-
-		newex.first_block = to_le32(to + 1);
-		newex.block_count = to_le16(ee_block + len - 1 - to);
-		ext4_ext_store_pblock(&newex, newblock);
-		if (unwritten)
-			ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(&newex);
-
-		ret = ext4_ext_insert_extent(inode_ref, &path, &newex, 0);
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	i = depth;
-	while (i >= 0) {
-		if (i == depth) {
-			struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
-			struct ext4_extent *first_ex, *last_ex;
-			ext4_lblk_t leaf_from, leaf_to;
-			eh = path[i].header;
-			ext4_assert(to_le16(eh->entries_count) > 0);
-			first_ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
-			last_ex = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);
-			leaf_from = to_le32(first_ex->first_block);
-			leaf_to = to_le32(last_ex->first_block) +
-				  ext4_ext_get_actual_len(last_ex) - 1;
-			if (leaf_from < from)
-				leaf_from = from;
-
-			if (leaf_to > to)
-				leaf_to = to;
-
-			ext4_ext_remove_leaf(inode_ref, path, leaf_from,
-					leaf_to);
-			ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path + i, 0);
-			i--;
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
-		eh = path[i].header;
-		if (ext4_ext_more_to_rm(path + i, to)) {
-			struct ext4_block bh = EXT4_BLOCK_ZERO();
-			if (path[i + 1].block.lb_id)
-				ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path + i + 1, 0);
-
-			ret = read_extent_tree_block(inode_ref,
-					ext4_idx_pblock(path[i].index),
-					depth - i - 1, &bh, 0);
-			if (ret)
-				goto out;
-
-			path[i].p_block =
-					ext4_idx_pblock(path[i].index);
-			path[i + 1].block = bh;
-			path[i + 1].header = ext_block_hdr(&bh);
-			path[i + 1].depth = depth - i - 1;
-			if (i + 1 == depth)
-				path[i + 1].extent = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(
-					path[i + 1].header);
-			else
-				path[i + 1].index =
-					EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[i + 1].header);
-
-			i++;
-		} else {
-			if (i > 0) {
-				if (!eh->entries_count)
-					ret = ext4_ext_remove_idx(inode_ref, path,
-							i - 1);
-				else
-					path[i - 1].index++;
-
-			}
-
-			if (i)
-				ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev,
-						&path[i].block);
-
-
-			i--;
-		}
-
-	}
-
-	/* TODO: flexible tree reduction should be here */
-	if (path->header->entries_count == 0) {
-		/*
-		 * truncate to zero freed all the tree,
-		 * so we need to correct eh_depth
-		 */
-		ext_inode_hdr(inode_ref->inode)->depth = 0;
-		ext_inode_hdr(inode_ref->inode)->max_entries_count =
-		    to_le16(ext4_ext_space_root(inode_ref));
-		ret = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, path);
-	}
-
-out:
-	ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path, 0);
-	free(path);
-	path = NULL;
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static int ext4_ext_split_extent_at(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-				    struct ext4_extent_path **ppath,
-				    ext4_lblk_t split, uint32_t split_flag)
-{
-	struct ext4_extent *ex, newex;
-	ext4_fsblk_t newblock;
-	ext4_lblk_t ee_block;
-	int32_t ee_len;
-	int32_t depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
-	int err = EOK;
-
-	ex = (*ppath)[depth].extent;
-	ee_block = to_le32(ex->first_block);
-	ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
-	newblock = split - ee_block + ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
-
-	if (split == ee_block) {
-		/*
-		 * case b: block @split is the block that the extent begins with
-		 * then we just change the state of the extent, and splitting
-		 * is not needed.
-		 */
-		if (split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2)
-			ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex);
-		else
-			ext4_ext_mark_initialized(ex);
-
-		err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, *ppath + depth);
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	ex->block_count = to_le16(split - ee_block);
-	if (split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1)
-		ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex);
-
-	err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, *ppath + depth);
-	if (err != EOK)
-		goto out;
-
-	newex.first_block = to_le32(split);
-	newex.block_count = to_le16(ee_len - (split - ee_block));
-	ext4_ext_store_pblock(&newex, newblock);
-	if (split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2)
-		ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(&newex);
-	err = ext4_ext_insert_extent(inode_ref, ppath, &newex,
-				     EXT4_EXT_NO_COMBINE);
-	if (err != EOK)
-		goto restore_extent_len;
-
-out:
-	return err;
-restore_extent_len:
-	ex->block_count = to_le16(ee_len);
-	err = ext4_ext_dirty(inode_ref, *ppath + depth);
-	return err;
-}
-
-static int ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-					   struct ext4_extent_path **ppath,
-					   ext4_lblk_t split, uint32_t blocks)
-{
-	int32_t depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode), err = EOK;
-	struct ext4_extent *ex = (*ppath)[depth].extent;
-
-	ext4_assert(to_le32(ex->first_block) <= split);
-
-	if (split + blocks ==
-	    to_le32(ex->first_block) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex)) {
-		/* split and initialize right part */
-		err = ext4_ext_split_extent_at(inode_ref, ppath, split,
-					       EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1);
-	} else if (to_le32(ex->first_block) == split) {
-		/* split and initialize left part */
-		err = ext4_ext_split_extent_at(inode_ref, ppath, split + blocks,
-					       EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2);
-	} else {
-		/* split 1 extent to 3 and initialize the 2nd */
-		err = ext4_ext_split_extent_at(inode_ref, ppath, split + blocks,
-					       EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1 |
-						   EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2);
-		if (!err) {
-			err = ext4_ext_split_extent_at(inode_ref, ppath, split,
-						       EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1);
-		}
-	}
-
-	return err;
-}
-
-static ext4_lblk_t ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(struct ext4_extent_path *path)
-{
-	int32_t depth;
-
-	depth = path->depth;
-
-	if (depth == 0 && path->extent == NULL)
-		return EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;
-
-	while (depth >= 0) {
-		if (depth == path->depth) {
-			/* leaf */
-			if (path[depth].extent &&
-			    path[depth].extent !=
-				EXT_LAST_EXTENT(path[depth].header))
-				return to_le32(
-				    path[depth].extent[1].first_block);
-		} else {
-			/* index */
-			if (path[depth].index !=
-			    EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[depth].header))
-				return to_le32(
-				    path[depth].index[1].first_block);
-		}
-		depth--;
-	}
-
-	return EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;
-}
-
-static int ext4_ext_zero_unwritten_range(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref,
-					 ext4_fsblk_t block,
-					 uint32_t blocks_count)
-{
-	int err = EOK;
-	uint32_t i;
-	uint32_t block_size = ext4_sb_get_block_size(&inode_ref->fs->sb);
-	for (i = 0; i < blocks_count; i++) {
-		struct ext4_block bh = EXT4_BLOCK_ZERO();
-		err = ext4_trans_block_get_noread(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh, block + i);
-		if (err != EOK)
-			break;
-
-		memset(bh.data, 0, block_size);
-		ext4_trans_set_block_dirty(bh.buf);
-		err = ext4_block_set(inode_ref->fs->bdev, &bh);
-		if (err != EOK)
-			break;
-	}
-	return err;
-}
-
-int ext4_extent_get_blocks(struct ext4_inode_ref *inode_ref, ext4_fsblk_t iblock,
-			uint32_t max_blocks, ext4_fsblk_t *result, bool create,
-			uint32_t *blocks_count)
-{
-	struct ext4_extent_path *path = NULL;
-	struct ext4_extent newex, *ex;
-	ext4_fsblk_t goal;
-	int err = EOK;
-	int32_t depth;
-	uint32_t allocated = 0;
-	ext4_fsblk_t next, newblock;
-
-	if (result)
-		*result = 0;
-
-	if (blocks_count)
-		*blocks_count = 0;
-
-	/* find extent for this block */
-	err = ext4_find_extent(inode_ref, iblock, &path, 0);
-	if (err != EOK) {
-		path = NULL;
-		goto out2;
-	}
-
-	depth = ext_depth(inode_ref->inode);
-
-	/*
-	 * consistent leaf must not be empty
-	 * this situations is possible, though, _during_ tree modification
-	 * this is why assert can't be put in ext4_ext_find_extent()
-	 */
-	ex = path[depth].extent;
-	if (ex) {
-		ext4_lblk_t ee_block = to_le32(ex->first_block);
-		ext4_fsblk_t ee_start = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
-		uint16_t ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
-		/* if found exent covers block, simple return it */
-		if (IN_RANGE(iblock, ee_block, ee_len)) {
-			/* number of remain blocks in the extent */
-			allocated = ee_len - (iblock - ee_block);
-
-			if (!ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex)) {
-				newblock = iblock - ee_block + ee_start;
-				goto out;
-			}
-
-			if (!create) {
-				newblock = 0;
-				goto out;
-			}
-
-			uint32_t zero_range;
-			zero_range = allocated;
-			if (zero_range > max_blocks)
-				zero_range = max_blocks;
-
-			newblock = iblock - ee_block + ee_start;
-			err = ext4_ext_zero_unwritten_range(inode_ref, newblock,
-					zero_range);
-			if (err != EOK)
-				goto out2;
-
-			err = ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized(inode_ref, &path,
-					iblock, zero_range);
-			if (err != EOK)
-				goto out2;
-
-			goto out;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * requested block isn't allocated yet
-	 * we couldn't try to create block if create flag is zero
-	 */
-	if (!create) {
-		goto out2;
-	}
-
-	/* find next allocated block so that we know how many
-	 * blocks we can allocate without ovelapping next extent */
-	next = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path);
-	allocated = next - iblock;
-	if (allocated > max_blocks)
-		allocated = max_blocks;
-
-	/* allocate new block */
-	goal = ext4_ext_find_goal(inode_ref, path, iblock);
-	newblock = ext4_new_meta_blocks(inode_ref, goal, 0, &allocated, &err);
-	if (!newblock)
-		goto out2;
-
-	/* try to insert new extent into found leaf and return */
-	newex.first_block = to_le32(iblock);
-	ext4_ext_store_pblock(&newex, newblock);
-	newex.block_count = to_le16(allocated);
-	err = ext4_ext_insert_extent(inode_ref, &path, &newex, 0);
-	if (err != EOK) {
-		/* free data blocks we just allocated */
-		ext4_ext_free_blocks(inode_ref, ext4_ext_pblock(&newex),
-				     to_le16(newex.block_count), 0);
-		goto out2;
-	}
-
-	/* previous routine could use block we allocated */
-	newblock = ext4_ext_pblock(&newex);
-
-out:
-	if (allocated > max_blocks)
-		allocated = max_blocks;
-
-	if (result)
-		*result = newblock;
-
-	if (blocks_count)
-		*blocks_count = allocated;
-
-out2:
-	if (path) {
-		ext4_ext_drop_refs(inode_ref, path, 0);
-		free(path);
-	}
-
-	return err;
-}
-#endif